<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></title><description><![CDATA[🗞️ Journal libéral indépendant. Info factuelle & opinion réaliste
👇💌 Recevez la lettre gratuitement ou souscrivez à l’abonnement à L’humain Plus]]></description><link>https://www.lhumain.info</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qMtB!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5090ec8-905f-4bdc-9927-cb5937920dae_1280x1280.png</url><title>L&apos;humain Info</title><link>https://www.lhumain.info</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Sat, 11 Apr 2026 07:26:01 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.lhumain.info/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Mehmet C. (fondateur)]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[fr]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[lhumaininfo@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[lhumaininfo@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[lhumaininfo@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[lhumaininfo@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Une statue de Christophe Colomb à la Maison Blanche]]></title><description><![CDATA[Une "r&#233;plique" d&#8217;une statue de Christophe Colomb, d&#233;truite en 2020 lors de manifestations &#224; Baltimore, a &#233;t&#233; install&#233;e sur le site de la Maison Blanche, &#224; l&#8217;initiative de Donald J. Trump.]]></description><link>https://www.lhumain.info/p/une-statue-de-christophe-colomb</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.lhumain.info/p/une-statue-de-christophe-colomb</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 24 Mar 2026 16:08:07 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/40e60a3d-2c0a-421b-a7dc-05a85ecff7f8_1280x720.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="native-video-embed" data-component-name="VideoPlaceholder" data-attrs="{&quot;mediaUploadId&quot;:&quot;3c0e6c0f-201f-4357-829c-a3e7e05b072e&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:null}"></div><blockquote><p>Le 9 octobre 2025, l&#8217;administration Trump avait publi&#233; une proclamation honorant l&#8217;explorateur italien, r&#233;affirmant ainsi son importance dans l&#8217;histoire am&#233;ricaine. </p><p>Ce m&#234;me jour, une d&#233;claration similaire avait &#233;t&#233; sign&#233;e en hommage &#224; l&#8217;explorateur viking <em><strong>Leif Erikson</strong></em>, consid&#233;r&#233; comme l&#8217;un des premiers Europ&#233;ens &#224; avoir atteint le continent nord-am&#233;ricain.</p></blockquote><div><hr></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption"> Recevez les publications du journal L&#8217;humain gratuitement. Un plan d&#8217;abonnement est disponible pour les contenus payants. Merci pour le soutien.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><h3><strong>Une statue d&#233;truite puis reconstruite</strong></h3><p>Une r&#233;plique d&#8217;une statue de Christophe Colomb, d&#233;truite en 2020 lors de manifestations &#224; Baltimore, a &#233;t&#233; install&#233;e sur le site de la Maison Blanche, &#224; l&#8217;initiative de Donald J. Trump, pr&#233;sident des &#201;tats-Unis d&#8217;Am&#233;rique.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aJcF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F929913b1-47a6-498c-baa9-153ed814bbce_1080x1350.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aJcF!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F929913b1-47a6-498c-baa9-153ed814bbce_1080x1350.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aJcF!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F929913b1-47a6-498c-baa9-153ed814bbce_1080x1350.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aJcF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F929913b1-47a6-498c-baa9-153ed814bbce_1080x1350.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aJcF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F929913b1-47a6-498c-baa9-153ed814bbce_1080x1350.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aJcF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F929913b1-47a6-498c-baa9-153ed814bbce_1080x1350.jpeg" width="372" height="465" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/929913b1-47a6-498c-baa9-153ed814bbce_1080x1350.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1350,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:372,&quot;bytes&quot;:576468,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/i/191928580?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F929913b1-47a6-498c-baa9-153ed814bbce_1080x1350.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aJcF!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F929913b1-47a6-498c-baa9-153ed814bbce_1080x1350.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aJcF!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F929913b1-47a6-498c-baa9-153ed814bbce_1080x1350.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aJcF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F929913b1-47a6-498c-baa9-153ed814bbce_1080x1350.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aJcF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F929913b1-47a6-498c-baa9-153ed814bbce_1080x1350.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>L&#8217;&#339;uvre originale, &#233;rig&#233;e en 1984, avait &#233;t&#233; renvers&#233;e puis jet&#233;e dans le port int&#233;rieur de Baltimore (&#224; 60km de Washington D.C.) par des manifestants dans le contexte de manifestations et d&#233;gradations publiques cons&#233;cutives &#224; la mort de G. Floyd. Sa reconstitution a &#233;t&#233; r&#233;alis&#233;e par l&#8217;artiste Tilman Hemsley et son fils, &#224; partir des fragments r&#233;cup&#233;r&#233;s.</p><p>La statue a &#233;t&#233; install&#233;e le 22 mars 2026 &#224; proximit&#233; de l&#8217;<em><strong>Eisenhower Executive Office Building</strong></em>, un b&#226;timent adjacent &#224; la pr&#233;sidence am&#233;ricaine. Le projet de reconstruction avait b&#233;n&#233;fici&#233; d&#8217;un financement public de <strong>30 000 dollars</strong> via le <em>National Endowment for the Humanities</em>, accord&#233; lors du premier mandat de Donald Trump.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PWML!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4869127-c1f2-4c47-b01b-6e0b7cc730b0_1080x1350.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PWML!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4869127-c1f2-4c47-b01b-6e0b7cc730b0_1080x1350.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PWML!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4869127-c1f2-4c47-b01b-6e0b7cc730b0_1080x1350.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PWML!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4869127-c1f2-4c47-b01b-6e0b7cc730b0_1080x1350.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PWML!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4869127-c1f2-4c47-b01b-6e0b7cc730b0_1080x1350.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PWML!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4869127-c1f2-4c47-b01b-6e0b7cc730b0_1080x1350.jpeg" width="376" height="470" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PWML!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4869127-c1f2-4c47-b01b-6e0b7cc730b0_1080x1350.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PWML!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4869127-c1f2-4c47-b01b-6e0b7cc730b0_1080x1350.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PWML!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4869127-c1f2-4c47-b01b-6e0b7cc730b0_1080x1350.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PWML!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc4869127-c1f2-4c47-b01b-6e0b7cc730b0_1080x1350.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3>Un hommage pour l&#8217;explorateur</h3><p>Dans une d&#233;claration relay&#233;e en f&#233;vrier, un porte-parole de la Maison Blanche a affirm&#233; que &#171; <em><strong>Christophe Colomb est un h&#233;ros</strong></em> &#187; et que le pr&#233;sident entendait &#171; <em><strong>assurer qu&#8217;il soit honor&#233; pour les g&#233;n&#233;rations &#224; venir</strong></em> &#187;. Dans une lettre adress&#233;e &#224; une organisation italo-am&#233;ricaine, Donald Trump a &#233;galement qualifi&#233; Colomb de &#171; <em><strong>premier h&#233;ros am&#233;ricain</strong></em> &#187;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5uCa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26e2c5cb-6c03-4c0b-9390-b9ac8f964e86_766x1000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5uCa!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26e2c5cb-6c03-4c0b-9390-b9ac8f964e86_766x1000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5uCa!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26e2c5cb-6c03-4c0b-9390-b9ac8f964e86_766x1000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5uCa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26e2c5cb-6c03-4c0b-9390-b9ac8f964e86_766x1000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5uCa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26e2c5cb-6c03-4c0b-9390-b9ac8f964e86_766x1000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5uCa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26e2c5cb-6c03-4c0b-9390-b9ac8f964e86_766x1000.jpeg" width="348" height="454.30809399477806" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/26e2c5cb-6c03-4c0b-9390-b9ac8f964e86_766x1000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1000,&quot;width&quot;:766,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:348,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5uCa!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26e2c5cb-6c03-4c0b-9390-b9ac8f964e86_766x1000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5uCa!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26e2c5cb-6c03-4c0b-9390-b9ac8f964e86_766x1000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5uCa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26e2c5cb-6c03-4c0b-9390-b9ac8f964e86_766x1000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5uCa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26e2c5cb-6c03-4c0b-9390-b9ac8f964e86_766x1000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#169; <a href="https://www.gettyimages.fr/search/2/image?artistexact=PHAS">PHAS</a> / Universal Images Group Editorial</figcaption></figure></div><p>Certaines communaut&#233;s, en particulier italo-am&#233;ricaines, continuent de voir en lui un symbole de reconnaissance. Le transfert de la statue vers la Maison Blanche a d&#8217;ailleurs &#233;t&#233; facilit&#233; par une organisation repr&#233;sentative de ces groupes.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Partager L'humain Info&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.lhumain.info/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Partager L'humain Info</span></a></p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png" width="320" height="63.51648351648352" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:289,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:320,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Abonnez-vous maintenant&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.lhumain.info/subscribe?"><span>Abonnez-vous maintenant</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Sources : </p><ul><li><p><a href="https://www.artforum.com/news/white-house-welcomes-christopher-columbus-statue-1234745890/">Art Forum</a></p></li></ul><ul><li><p><a href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/cabinet-spontaneously-applauds-trump-signs-columbus-day-proclamation-were-back-italians">Fox News</a></p></li></ul>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[On vous martèle ces mots jusqu’à ce qu’ils deviennent des évidences.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Des mots comme &#171; aide &#187; ou &#171; humanitaire &#187; paraissent &#233;vidents, mais ils orientent d&#233;j&#224; le jugement.]]></description><link>https://www.lhumain.info/p/on-vous-martele-ces-mots-jusqua-ce</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.lhumain.info/p/on-vous-martele-ces-mots-jusqua-ce</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 15 Mar 2026 10:31:59 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJGE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F402eb243-f5d2-4075-9281-c5ab6018edca_1280x720.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJGE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F402eb243-f5d2-4075-9281-c5ab6018edca_1280x720.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJGE!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F402eb243-f5d2-4075-9281-c5ab6018edca_1280x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJGE!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F402eb243-f5d2-4075-9281-c5ab6018edca_1280x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJGE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F402eb243-f5d2-4075-9281-c5ab6018edca_1280x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJGE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F402eb243-f5d2-4075-9281-c5ab6018edca_1280x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJGE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F402eb243-f5d2-4075-9281-c5ab6018edca_1280x720.jpeg" width="1280" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/402eb243-f5d2-4075-9281-c5ab6018edca_1280x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:651474,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/i/190973592?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F402eb243-f5d2-4075-9281-c5ab6018edca_1280x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJGE!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F402eb243-f5d2-4075-9281-c5ab6018edca_1280x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJGE!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F402eb243-f5d2-4075-9281-c5ab6018edca_1280x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJGE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F402eb243-f5d2-4075-9281-c5ab6018edca_1280x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qJGE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F402eb243-f5d2-4075-9281-c5ab6018edca_1280x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>En politique, <strong>les mots</strong> fa&#231;onnent la mani&#232;re dont une mesure est per&#231;ue, discut&#233;e et finalement accept&#233;e. Par exemple le terme d&#8217;&#171; <strong>aide humanitaire</strong> &#187; en offre une illustration particuli&#232;rement r&#233;v&#233;latrice. Parler d&#8217;&#171; <strong>aide</strong> &#187;, y ajouter &#171; <strong>humanitaire</strong> &#187; pour insister sur la pr&#233;tendue gentillesse, implique d&#233;j&#224; un jugement de valeur : celui d&#8217;un geste b&#233;n&#233;fique, moralement l&#233;gitime et difficilement contestable. Pourtant, derri&#232;re cette formulation se cache une r&#233;alit&#233; plus simple et plus prosa&#239;que : un transfert de ressources.</p><p>Cette logique appara&#238;t dans de nombreuses expressions administratives, comme &#171; <strong>aide sociale</strong> &#187;. Or toute aide n&#8217;est pas n&#233;cessairement souhaitable. Certaines politiques peuvent produire des effets contraires &#224; l&#8217;objectif affich&#233; : d&#233;pendance durable, d&#233;sincitation &#224; l&#8217;autonomie ou mauvaise utilisation des ressources. Une id&#233;e bien connue l&#8217;illustre : il vaut mieux apprendre &#224; fabriquer une canne &#224; p&#234;che que d&#8217;en donner une, et il vaut mieux enseigner la p&#234;che que distribuer du poisson.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZqD0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89e6e16e-2d0c-46a3-8924-db32abeed969_747x415.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZqD0!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89e6e16e-2d0c-46a3-8924-db32abeed969_747x415.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZqD0!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89e6e16e-2d0c-46a3-8924-db32abeed969_747x415.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZqD0!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89e6e16e-2d0c-46a3-8924-db32abeed969_747x415.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZqD0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89e6e16e-2d0c-46a3-8924-db32abeed969_747x415.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZqD0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89e6e16e-2d0c-46a3-8924-db32abeed969_747x415.jpeg" width="747" height="415" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZqD0!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89e6e16e-2d0c-46a3-8924-db32abeed969_747x415.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZqD0!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89e6e16e-2d0c-46a3-8924-db32abeed969_747x415.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZqD0!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89e6e16e-2d0c-46a3-8924-db32abeed969_747x415.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZqD0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89e6e16e-2d0c-46a3-8924-db32abeed969_747x415.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Exemple de manchette de presse  </figcaption></figure></div><p>Si l&#8217;on souhaite employer un vocabulaire plus rigoureux, il serait plus juste de parler de &#171; <strong>transfert de ressources</strong> &#187; ou de &#171; <strong>redistribution de ressources</strong> &#187;. Ces termes d&#233;crivent simplement le ph&#233;nom&#232;ne sans lui attribuer d&#8217;embl&#233;e une valeur morale.</p><p>Mais m&#234;me le terme &#171; <strong>allocation</strong> &#187; m&#233;rite d&#8217;&#234;tre interrog&#233;. Une allocation suppose, en principe, l&#8217;attribution volontaire d&#8217;une ressource par celui qui en est propri&#233;taire. Or, dans un r&#233;gime o&#249; les ressources proviennent d&#8217;un pr&#233;l&#232;vement fiscal obligatoire et non-consenti, il ne s&#8217;agit pas d&#8217;une allocation au sens strict, mais d&#8217;une redistribution op&#233;r&#233;e par l&#8217;&#201;tat &#224; partir de ressources pr&#233;lev&#233;es de mani&#232;re contrainte.</p><p>Cette distinction peut sembler purement s&#233;mantique. Elle ne l&#8217;est pas. Les mots structurent le d&#233;bat public. Qualifier un dispositif revient d&#233;j&#224; &#224; orienter son interpr&#233;tation morale et politique.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Plus vous lisez <em><strong>un organe de propagande</strong></em>, plus vous devriez vous en m&#233;fier.</p></div><p>M&#233;fiez-vous des mots que vous lisez. Il s&#8217;agit de construire votre propre jugement. Pour comprendre ce qui se cache derri&#232;re un mot, il faut se poser quelques questions simples : qui a int&#233;r&#234;t &#224; ce que ce mot soit utilis&#233; ? &#192; qui donne-t-il du cr&#233;dit, ou au contraire du discr&#233;dit ? Qui finance l&#8217;organe qui le met en avant ? Ces questions permettent de distinguer les groupes en pr&#233;sence. Cette discrimination aide ensuite &#224; comprendre les rapports de force qui existent entre ces groupes. Attention, certains m&#233;dias relaient ces termes parfois involontairement, maladroitement et sans une volont&#233; pr&#233;cise. </p><p>Nommer les choses avec pr&#233;cision ne signifie pas trancher imm&#233;diatement la question de leur l&#233;gitimit&#233;. C&#8217;est simplement la condition minimale pour pouvoir y songer lucidement. Avant de d&#233;cider si une politique est souhaitable, encore faut-il d&#233;crire correctement ce qu&#8217;elle est.</p><div class="twitter-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://x.com/LhumainINFO/status/2011203255154446536?s=20&quot;,&quot;full_text&quot;:&quot;&#128308; Quelques mots &#224; red&#233;finir :\n\nD&#8217;utilit&#233; publique &#10145;&#65039; D&#8217;utilit&#233; &#201;tatique\nService public &#10145;&#65039; Administration d&#8217;&#201;tat\nAide sociale &#10145;&#65039; Distribution d&#8217;&#201;tat\nCotisation sociale &#10145;&#65039; Pr&#233;l&#232;vement obligatoire sur le travail\nAudiovisuel public &#10145;&#65039; Organe m&#233;diatique d&#8217;&#201;tat\n\n1/3&quot;,&quot;username&quot;:&quot;LhumainINFO&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;L'humain (active la &#128276;)&quot;,&quot;profile_image_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/profile_images/1963689097194610689/Ov8CXFS3_normal.jpg&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-01-13T22:26:37.000Z&quot;,&quot;photos&quot;:[],&quot;quoted_tweet&quot;:{},&quot;reply_count&quot;:1,&quot;retweet_count&quot;:1,&quot;like_count&quot;:1,&quot;impression_count&quot;:12,&quot;expanded_url&quot;:null,&quot;video_url&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="Twitter2ToDOM"></div><div class="twitter-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://x.com/LhumainINFO/status/2011203256782111202?s=20&quot;,&quot;full_text&quot;:&quot;Nationalisation d&#8217;entreprise &#10145;&#65039; &#201;tatisation\nCommunication politique &#10145;&#65039; propagande\nInt&#233;r&#234;t sup&#233;rieurs de la Nation &#10145;&#65039; Int&#233;r&#234;t sup&#233;rieurs de l&#8217;Etat (c&#8217;est souvent &#231;a qui est sous-entendu)\nSquatteur &#10145;&#65039; voleur de logement\n\n2/3&quot;,&quot;username&quot;:&quot;LhumainINFO&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;L'humain (active la &#128276;)&quot;,&quot;profile_image_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/profile_images/1963689097194610689/Ov8CXFS3_normal.jpg&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-01-13T22:26:37.000Z&quot;,&quot;photos&quot;:[],&quot;quoted_tweet&quot;:{},&quot;reply_count&quot;:1,&quot;retweet_count&quot;:0,&quot;like_count&quot;:1,&quot;impression_count&quot;:10,&quot;expanded_url&quot;:null,&quot;video_url&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="Twitter2ToDOM"></div><div class="twitter-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://x.com/LhumainINFO/status/2011203258878927244?s=20&quot;,&quot;full_text&quot;:&quot;Solidarit&#233; nationale &#10145;&#65039; Transfert obligatoire organis&#233; par l&#8217;&#201;tat\nDiscrimination positive &#10145;&#65039; Discrimination inverse de celle pr&#233;tendue \n\nEt enfin..\n\n&#201;tat &#10145;&#65039; Autorit&#233;s centrales ou centralis&#233;es \n\n3/3&quot;,&quot;username&quot;:&quot;LhumainINFO&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;L'humain (active la &#128276;)&quot;,&quot;profile_image_url&quot;:&quot;https://pbs.substack.com/profile_images/1963689097194610689/Ov8CXFS3_normal.jpg&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-01-13T22:26:37.000Z&quot;,&quot;photos&quot;:[],&quot;quoted_tweet&quot;:{},&quot;reply_count&quot;:0,&quot;retweet_count&quot;:0,&quot;like_count&quot;:1,&quot;impression_count&quot;:10,&quot;expanded_url&quot;:null,&quot;video_url&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true}" data-component-name="Twitter2ToDOM"></div><div><hr></div><p><strong>Vous pr&#233;f&#233;rez l&#8217;&#233;coute plut&#244;t que la lecture ?</strong></p><p>&#128073; Retrouvez l&#8217;&#233;mission <em>Science Inaper&#231;ue</em> en version podcast &#128279; <strong><a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/fr/podcast/%C3%A9dito/id1862951349?i=1000755396014">Apple Podcast</a></strong>, &#128279; <strong>Spotify</strong>, YouTube Music ou bien en vid&#233;o sur &#128279; <strong>YouTube</strong>.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Partager L'humain Info&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.lhumain.info/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Partager L'humain Info</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Nouveauté : Créez des appli' Mac facilement avec cette IA conversationnelle]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ce logiciel veut simplifier la cr&#233;ation de logiciels gr&#226;ce &#224; l&#8217;intelligence artificielle.]]></description><link>https://www.lhumain.info/p/nouveaute-creez-des-appli-mac-facilement</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.lhumain.info/p/nouveaute-creez-des-appli-mac-facilement</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 08 Mar 2026 08:02:36 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NjA5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4af00b89-998c-4290-aa1d-21bc020a67e0_1720x968.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NjA5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4af00b89-998c-4290-aa1d-21bc020a67e0_1720x968.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NjA5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4af00b89-998c-4290-aa1d-21bc020a67e0_1720x968.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NjA5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4af00b89-998c-4290-aa1d-21bc020a67e0_1720x968.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NjA5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4af00b89-998c-4290-aa1d-21bc020a67e0_1720x968.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NjA5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4af00b89-998c-4290-aa1d-21bc020a67e0_1720x968.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>La soci&#233;t&#233; &#224; l&#8217;origine du lanceur d&#8217;applications Raycast a annonc&#233; le lancement de Glaze, une plateforme permettant de cr&#233;er des applications de bureau pour macOS en dialoguant simplement avec une intelligence artificielle.</p><p>L&#8217;objectif est de rendre la cr&#233;ation de logiciels accessible &#224; un public plus large. Avec <strong><a href="https://www.glaze.app/">Glaze</a></strong>, l&#8217;utilisateur d&#233;crit en langage naturel l&#8217;application qu&#8217;il souhaite cr&#233;er, par exemple un utilitaire, un outil d&#8217;automatisation ou une application de barre de menu, et la plateforme g&#233;n&#232;re automatiquement le programme correspondant.</p><p>L&#8217;application peut ensuite &#234;tre modifi&#233;e ou am&#233;lior&#233;e en poursuivant la conversation avec l&#8217;IA.</p><h2><strong>Une approche inspir&#233;e du &#171; vibe coding &#187;</strong></h2><div class="native-video-embed" data-component-name="VideoPlaceholder" data-attrs="{&quot;mediaUploadId&quot;:&quot;770ff788-8d56-4162-9f4b-cfeb01005d87&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:null}"></div><p>Glaze s&#8217;inscrit dans une tendance &#233;mergente du d&#233;veloppement logiciel appel&#233;e &#171; vibe coding &#187;. Dans ce mod&#232;le, l&#8217;utilisateur d&#233;crit l&#8217;id&#233;e g&#233;n&#233;rale d&#8217;un programme, tandis que l&#8217;intelligence artificielle se charge de produire le code n&#233;cessaire.</p><p>La plateforme prend ainsi en charge plusieurs &#233;tapes techniques habituellement n&#233;cessaires au d&#233;veloppement :</p><ul><li><p>la g&#233;n&#233;ration du code</p></li><li><p>la compilation du logiciel</p></li><li><p>la cr&#233;ation de l&#8217;interface</p></li><li><p>la mise &#224; disposition d&#8217;une application pr&#234;te &#224; &#234;tre utilis&#233;e</p></li></ul><p>L&#8217;utilisateur agit alors davantage comme un concepteur qui d&#233;finit le fonctionnement du logiciel plut&#244;t que comme un d&#233;veloppeur qui &#233;crit chaque ligne de code.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Des applications r&#233;ellement natives pour macOS</strong></h2><p>Contrairement &#224; de nombreux outils d&#8217;IA qui produisent principalement des applications web, Glaze se concentre sur <strong>les applications de bureau natives</strong>.</p><p>Les programmes g&#233;n&#233;r&#233;s peuvent notamment :</p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Vous avez des cellules étrangères en vous ! (#3)]]></title><description><![CDATA[Pour cet &#233;pisode nous allons d&#233;couvrir deux nouvelles scientifiques surprenantes qui montrent que le corps humain fonctionne comme un syst&#232;me plus int&#233;gr&#233; qu&#8217;on ne le pensait.]]></description><link>https://www.lhumain.info/p/vous-avez-des-cellules-etrangeres</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.lhumain.info/p/vous-avez-des-cellules-etrangeres</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 16 Feb 2026 06:45:29 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7W9H!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f8fd51c-dd6c-41de-a005-66312c892e30_1280x720.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7W9H!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f8fd51c-dd6c-41de-a005-66312c892e30_1280x720.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7W9H!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f8fd51c-dd6c-41de-a005-66312c892e30_1280x720.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7W9H!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f8fd51c-dd6c-41de-a005-66312c892e30_1280x720.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7W9H!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f8fd51c-dd6c-41de-a005-66312c892e30_1280x720.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7W9H!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f8fd51c-dd6c-41de-a005-66312c892e30_1280x720.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7W9H!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f8fd51c-dd6c-41de-a005-66312c892e30_1280x720.png" width="1280" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8f8fd51c-dd6c-41de-a005-66312c892e30_1280x720.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:886336,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/i/187999974?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f8fd51c-dd6c-41de-a005-66312c892e30_1280x720.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7W9H!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f8fd51c-dd6c-41de-a005-66312c892e30_1280x720.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7W9H!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f8fd51c-dd6c-41de-a005-66312c892e30_1280x720.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7W9H!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f8fd51c-dd6c-41de-a005-66312c892e30_1280x720.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7W9H!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f8fd51c-dd6c-41de-a005-66312c892e30_1280x720.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2><strong>PARTIE I &#8212; L&#8217;infarctus n&#8217;est pas seulement un probl&#232;me du c&#339;ur.</strong></h2><p>La crise cardiaque est souvent d&#233;crite comme un &#233;v&#233;nement local : une art&#232;re coronaire se bouche, le muscle cardiaque est priv&#233; d&#8217;oxyg&#232;ne et une partie du tissu meurt. Des travaux r&#233;cents sugg&#232;rent toutefois que les dommages ne sont pas uniquement dus &#224; l&#8217;obstruction initiale. Une part importante des l&#233;sions serait amplifi&#233;e par <strong>une interaction entre le c&#339;ur, le cerveau et le syst&#232;me immunitaire</strong>.</p><p>Lors de l&#8217;infarctus, des neurones sensoriels reli&#233;s au nerf vague d&#233;tectent la l&#233;sion. Ils deviennent hypersensibles et d&#233;veloppent de nouvelles terminaisons nerveuses autour de la zone endommag&#233;e, augmentant l&#8217;intensit&#233; des signaux envoy&#233;s vers le cerveau. Ces signaux atteignent l&#8217;hypothalamus, en particulier le noyau paraventriculaire (PVN), qui active les circuits du stress.</p><p>Cette activation d&#233;clenche une r&#233;ponse inflammatoire excessive. Des voies nerveuses sympathiques repartent vers le c&#339;ur et favorisent la lib&#233;ration de m&#233;diateurs inflammatoires qui ne ciblent pas uniquement les cellules d&#233;j&#224; d&#233;truites, mais endommagent aussi des tissus encore viables. Il se met ainsi en place une boucle de r&#233;troaction d&#233;l&#233;t&#232;re : la l&#233;sion cardiaque stimule le cerveau, le cerveau amplifie l&#8217;inflammation, et cette inflammation aggrave la l&#233;sion initiale.</p><p>Chez la souris, l&#8217;inhibition de certains maillons de cette cha&#238;ne (neurones sensoriels, PVN, transport de prot&#233;ines inflammatoires) r&#233;duit la taille de l&#8217;infarctus et am&#233;liore la r&#233;cup&#233;ration. Ces r&#233;sultats ouvrent la voie &#224; des pistes th&#233;rapeutiques ciblant non seulement le c&#339;ur, mais aussi les circuits neuro-immunitaires impliqu&#233;s dans l&#8217;aggravation des l&#233;sions. Ces approches restent exp&#233;rimentales et doivent &#234;tre valid&#233;es chez l&#8217;humain.</p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png" width="310" height="61.53159340659341" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:289,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:310,&quot;bytes&quot;:45059,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/i/178930132?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Abonnez-vous maintenant&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://www.lhumain.info/subscribe?"><span>Abonnez-vous maintenant</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>PARTIE II &#8212; Le microchim&#233;risme : nous portons des cellules qui ne sont pas les n&#244;tres.</strong></h2><p>Le microchim&#233;risme d&#233;signe la pr&#233;sence durable, dans un individu, de cellules g&#233;n&#233;tiquement diff&#233;rentes des siennes. Le ph&#233;nom&#232;ne le plus courant concerne les &#233;changes cellulaires entre la m&#232;re et l&#8217;enfant pendant la grossesse. Des cellules f&#339;tales s&#8217;installent chez la m&#232;re, tandis que des cellules maternelles persistent chez l&#8217;enfant apr&#232;s la naissance.</p><p>Ces cellules peuvent survivre plusieurs d&#233;cennies et, dans certains cas, circuler entre g&#233;n&#233;rations. Une femme peut ainsi conserver des cellules issues de grossesses ant&#233;rieures, qui peuvent &#234;tre transmises &#224; un autre enfant lors d&#8217;une grossesse ult&#233;rieure. La proportion de ces cellules est faible &#8212; de l&#8217;ordre d&#8217;une cellule &#233;trang&#232;re pour 10 000 &#224; un million de cellules propres &#8212; mais leur pr&#233;sence est d&#233;tect&#233;e dans de nombreux organes.</p><p>Ces cellules ne sont pas inactives. Elles peuvent contribuer &#224; la r&#233;paration tissulaire, participer &#224; la formation de vaisseaux sanguins et influencer la r&#233;ponse immunitaire. En transplantation, la pr&#233;sence de cellules maternelles persistantes chez un enfant a &#233;t&#233; associ&#233;e &#224; une meilleure tol&#233;rance d&#8217;un organe donn&#233; par la m&#232;re, en modulant la reconnaissance immunitaire du greffon.</p><p>&#192; l&#8217;inverse, le microchim&#233;risme est aussi &#233;tudi&#233; pour son lien possible avec certaines maladies auto-immunes. Des taux plus &#233;lev&#233;s de cellules f&#339;tales ont &#233;t&#233; observ&#233;s chez des personnes atteintes de pathologies comme la scl&#233;rodermie ou le lupus. L&#8217;hypoth&#232;se principale est que ces cellules, tol&#233;r&#233;es pendant longtemps, puissent dans certains contextes d&#233;clencher des r&#233;actions immunitaires chroniques.</p><p>Au-del&#224; des implications m&#233;dicales, le microchim&#233;risme remet en cause la distinction stricte entre &#171; soi &#187; et &#171; non-soi &#187; en immunologie. Il invite &#233;galement &#224; repenser l&#8217;individu comme une entit&#233; biologiquement perm&#233;able, travers&#233;e par des &#233;changes cellulaires durables entre g&#233;n&#233;rations. &#10040;</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Vous pr&#233;f&#233;rez l&#8217;&#233;coute plut&#244;t que la lecture ?</strong></p><p>&#128073; Retrouvez l&#8217;&#233;mission <em>Science Inaper&#231;ue</em> en version podcast &#128279; <strong><a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/fr/channel/lhumain-info/id6443159977?hasPaidContent=false">Apple Podcast</a></strong>, Spotify, YouTube Music ou bien en <a href="https://youtu.be/40BqxtsNk1U">vid&#233;o sur &#128279; </a><strong><a href="https://youtu.be/40BqxtsNk1U">YouTube</a></strong>.</p><div><hr></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;S'abonner&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;fr&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption"><strong>Recevez les articles de L&#8217;humain gratuitement. Un plan d&#8217;abonnement est disponible pour les articles payants. Merci pour le soutien.</strong></p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Tapez votre e-mail&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="S'abonner"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><h4>Sources</h4><p>&#128279; <a href="https://youtu.be/lpbFyEgzD24">Vid&#233;o compl&#233;mentaire</a></p><p>&#128279; <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-00261-0#">Article sur la premi&#232;re info</a></p><p>&#128279; <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-04102-4">Article sur la deuxi&#232;me info</a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/?utm_campaign=pub&amp;utm_medium=web&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Partager L'humain&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.lhumain.info/?utm_campaign=pub&amp;utm_medium=web"><span>Partager L'humain</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Qu'est-ce qu'on fait ? On renie nos principes face à ceux qui n'en ont pas ?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Bonne question capitaine. J'ai un d&#233;but de r&#233;flexion.]]></description><link>https://www.lhumain.info/p/quest-ce-quon-fait-on-renie-nos-principes</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.lhumain.info/p/quest-ce-quon-fait-on-renie-nos-principes</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 16 Dec 2025 06:45:23 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJIr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61091586-205b-4719-b8a9-cfc31d6242fa_5882x4310.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJIr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61091586-205b-4719-b8a9-cfc31d6242fa_5882x4310.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJIr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61091586-205b-4719-b8a9-cfc31d6242fa_5882x4310.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJIr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61091586-205b-4719-b8a9-cfc31d6242fa_5882x4310.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJIr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61091586-205b-4719-b8a9-cfc31d6242fa_5882x4310.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJIr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61091586-205b-4719-b8a9-cfc31d6242fa_5882x4310.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJIr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61091586-205b-4719-b8a9-cfc31d6242fa_5882x4310.webp" width="1456" height="1067" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJIr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61091586-205b-4719-b8a9-cfc31d6242fa_5882x4310.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJIr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61091586-205b-4719-b8a9-cfc31d6242fa_5882x4310.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJIr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61091586-205b-4719-b8a9-cfc31d6242fa_5882x4310.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cJIr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F61091586-205b-4719-b8a9-cfc31d6242fa_5882x4310.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Une bonne partie de l&#8217;ensemble de la gauche se dit d&#233;mocratique mais en r&#233;alit&#233; c&#8217;est un moyen pour appliquer leur id&#233;ologie dans le r&#233;el. C&#8217;est une strat&#233;gie du style taqiya pour arriver au pouvoir et utiliser la force du L&#233;viathan &#233;tatique contre vous et votre vision.</p><p>Concr&#232;tement, elle s&#8217;en fiche de la d&#233;mocratie, elle veut r&#233;ellement le collectivisme autoritaire. </p><p>J&#8217;ai moi-m&#234;me des critiques &#224; faire &#224; la d&#233;mocratie, mais l&#224; n&#8217;est pas le sujet.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Ils brandissent des drapeaux de la libert&#233;, cependant ils parlent en r&#233;alit&#233; de la libert&#233; de vous voler. Ils brandissent des drapeaux de la solidarit&#233;, pourtant c&#8217;est la solidarit&#233; entre eux et pas avec vous.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/reseaux&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&#128279; Suivre sur les r&#233;seaux&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.lhumain.info/reseaux"><span>&#128279; Suivre sur les r&#233;seaux</span></a></p><p>C&#8217;est de l&#8217;utilitarisme. La gauche est quasiment une religion utilitariste et &#233;galitariste. Pour eux, tous les moyens justifient la fin. C&#8217;est bien pour cela que vous avez vu des gens se r&#233;jouir r&#233;cemment de la mort de Charlie Kirk, et bien d&#8217;autres pour un d&#233;saccord politique.</p><p>Ils le disent tout le temps : &#8220;un bon na*i est un na*i mort.&#8221; Bient&#244;t, on vous collera cette &#233;tiquette. Plus vous essaierez de vous en d&#233;faire, plus ils mettront des cibles dans votre dos.</p><p>Qu&#8217;est-ce que &#231;a signifie au fond ? Si vous avez des principes, &#231;a ne veut pas dire que vous devez les nier et devenir utilitariste pour jouer &#224; armes &#233;gales. Peu importe, vous pouvez le faire, cela d&#233;pendra de votre propre morale. Vous pouvez aussi vaciller entre les deux.</p><p>Le minimum, c&#8217;est d&#8217;avoir conscience de qui vous avez en face. M&#233;fiez-vous de leur pr&#233;tendu principe. La majorit&#233; n&#8217;y croient pas et c&#8217;est pour vous dominer. C&#8217;est vrai pour les collectivistes/socialistes mais &#231;a l&#8217;est aussi pour d&#8217;autres courants id&#233;ologiques.</p><p>Faites attention. Ne vous faites pas avoir. <br><br>Et, faites vos jeux.</p><div class="poll-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;id&quot;:419983}" data-component-name="PollToDOM"></div><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Abonnez-vous maintenant&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.lhumain.info/subscribe?"><span>Abonnez-vous maintenant</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.redbubble.com/fr/people/lhumaininfo/shop&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&#128085; Visiter la boutique&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.redbubble.com/fr/people/lhumaininfo/shop"><span>&#128085; Visiter la boutique</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/p/quest-ce-quon-fait-on-renie-nos-principes?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Partager&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.lhumain.info/p/quest-ce-quon-fait-on-renie-nos-principes?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Partager</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Déclaration des dons : une loi « épée de Damoclès »]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#192; partir du 1&#7497;&#691; janvier 2026, les dons manuels devront passer par une d&#233;claration en ligne obligatoire pour le b&#233;n&#233;ficiaire.]]></description><link>https://www.lhumain.info/p/declaration-des-dons-une-loi-epee</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.lhumain.info/p/declaration-des-dons-une-loi-epee</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 13 Dec 2025 15:20:34 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BPGi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfbf1a1f-0906-4712-a7d5-22dd9158587f_1960x1437.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BPGi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfbf1a1f-0906-4712-a7d5-22dd9158587f_1960x1437.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BPGi!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfbf1a1f-0906-4712-a7d5-22dd9158587f_1960x1437.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BPGi!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfbf1a1f-0906-4712-a7d5-22dd9158587f_1960x1437.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BPGi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfbf1a1f-0906-4712-a7d5-22dd9158587f_1960x1437.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BPGi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdfbf1a1f-0906-4712-a7d5-22dd9158587f_1960x1437.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Cette r&#233;forme, pr&#233;sent&#233;e par l&#8217;administration fiscale comme une d&#233;marche de simplification et de tra&#231;abilit&#233;, cr&#233;e cependant une zone d&#8217;incertitude qui pourrait concerner l&#8217;ensemble des contribuables. Derri&#232;re son aspect technique, la loi se heurte &#224; un probl&#232;me majeur : <strong>l&#8217;absence de crit&#232;res chiffr&#233;s</strong> pour d&#233;terminer ce qui doit &#234;tre d&#233;clar&#233; ou non.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Qu&#8217;est-ce qui change en 2026 ?</strong></h2><p>Jusqu&#8217;&#224; pr&#233;sent, la d&#233;claration d&#8217;un don manuel pouvait &#234;tre effectu&#233;e <strong>sur papier</strong>. D&#232;s 2026, elle devra &#234;tre r&#233;alis&#233;e exclusivement en ligne via l&#8217;espace particulier du site des imp&#244;ts. Cette obligation concerne :</p><ul><li><p>Les <strong>sommes d&#8217;argent</strong> remises &#224; un proche ou &#224; un tiers ;</p></li><li><p>Les <strong>biens meubles</strong> remis de la main &#224; la main (bijoux, objets de valeur, etc.) ;</p></li><li><p>Certains <strong>titres et actions</strong> transmis hors cadre notari&#233;.</p></li></ul><p>L&#8217;administration met en avant une proc&#233;dure plus rapide et un meilleur suivi des transmissions. Mais la r&#233;forme s&#8217;accompagne d&#8217;une cons&#233;quence directe : en cas d&#8217;oubli ou de non-d&#233;claration, le contr&#244;le peut devenir plus <strong>imm&#233;diat et syst&#233;matique</strong>, avec des p&#233;nalit&#233;s substantielles.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D6jf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faba47a5a-cbb6-48b0-bd56-7c658439c1b6_1080x1350.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D6jf!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faba47a5a-cbb6-48b0-bd56-7c658439c1b6_1080x1350.jpeg 424w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D6jf!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faba47a5a-cbb6-48b0-bd56-7c658439c1b6_1080x1350.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D6jf!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faba47a5a-cbb6-48b0-bd56-7c658439c1b6_1080x1350.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D6jf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faba47a5a-cbb6-48b0-bd56-7c658439c1b6_1080x1350.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D6jf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faba47a5a-cbb6-48b0-bd56-7c658439c1b6_1080x1350.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2><strong>R&#233;p&#233;tition, montant, occasion : rien n&#8217;est d&#233;fini</strong></h2><p>La r&#233;p&#233;tition des dons implique la perte du caract&#232;re occasionnel et donc invalide le statut de <strong>pr&#233;sent d&#8217;usage</strong>. Ce qui signifie qu&#8217;un versement mensuel &#224; un proche peut &#234;tre consid&#233;r&#233; comme un don manuel d&#233;clarable. Mais certains cas restent juridiquement flous, tout d&#233;pendra de l&#8217;humeur du juge :</p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://www.lhumain.info/p/declaration-des-dons-une-loi-epee">
              Read more
          </a>
      </p>
   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Ce prophète de la liberté a un message à vous faire passer. (Entretien avec Stéphane Geyres)]]></title><description><![CDATA[Dans un paysage politique domin&#233; par les variantes d'&#233;tatisme, je suis all&#233; &#224; la rencontre d'une personne qui a &#233;tudi&#233; un syst&#232;me alternatif n&#233;cessitant la sortie de la d&#233;mocratie.]]></description><link>https://www.lhumain.info/p/ce-prophete-de-la-liberte-a-un-message</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.lhumain.info/p/ce-prophete-de-la-liberte-a-un-message</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 23 Nov 2025 16:57:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/52d326d9-18bf-41cd-91b6-90663a06f3e3_5882x4310.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vp3l!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb51f07-5612-4c30-9769-97b1486617ed_5882x4310.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vp3l!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb51f07-5612-4c30-9769-97b1486617ed_5882x4310.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vp3l!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb51f07-5612-4c30-9769-97b1486617ed_5882x4310.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vp3l!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb51f07-5612-4c30-9769-97b1486617ed_5882x4310.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vp3l!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb51f07-5612-4c30-9769-97b1486617ed_5882x4310.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vp3l!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb51f07-5612-4c30-9769-97b1486617ed_5882x4310.jpeg" width="1456" height="1067" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vp3l!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb51f07-5612-4c30-9769-97b1486617ed_5882x4310.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vp3l!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb51f07-5612-4c30-9769-97b1486617ed_5882x4310.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vp3l!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb51f07-5612-4c30-9769-97b1486617ed_5882x4310.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vp3l!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb51f07-5612-4c30-9769-97b1486617ed_5882x4310.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2><strong>PARTIE I : Son parcours et sa vision</strong></h2><div><hr></div><p><strong>Bonjour St&#233;phane Geyres,<br>Vous avez un point de vue libertarien, vous estimez que l&#8217;on doit sortir de la d&#233;mocratie, supprimer l&#8217;&#201;tat au profit d&#8217;une soci&#233;t&#233; de contrats, d&#8217;entreprises et de propri&#233;t&#233; priv&#233;e et avec un rapport aux autres qui fonctionne sur le &#8220;consentement libre&#8221; et la &#8220;non-agression&#8221;. Vous cherchez &#224; diffuser ces id&#233;es depuis plusieurs ann&#233;es. <br>1. Est-ce bien r&#233;sum&#233; ?</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>Bonjour &#224; Vous, et merci pour cette proposition d&#8217;entretien. Je suis heureux qu&#8217;un m&#233;dia s&#8217;affichant &#8220;L&#8217;humain&#8221; trouve un int&#233;r&#234;t humain au libertarianisme, qui selon moi en est la meilleure expression philosophique. Oui, c&#8217;est assez bien r&#233;sum&#233;, merci et bravo pour la synth&#232;se. En effet, Lib&#233;ralie est une soci&#233;t&#233; o&#249; absolument toute l&#8217;organisation sociale repose sur le libre consentement de chacun, mat&#233;rialis&#233; par des contrats et des entreprises en pleine concurrence. </em></p><p><em>Il y a cependant trois mots dans votre r&#233;sum&#233; que je souhaite reprendre. &#171;Point de vue&#187; : Les libertariens font une diff&#233;rence nette entre th&#233;orie et opinion, ou &#8216;point de vue&#8217;. La doctrine libertarienne ne repose en rien sur une opinion, mais sur des certitudes fondamentales. Le Droit naturel est prouv&#233; &#8211; je dis bien prouv&#233;, comme en maths &#8211; la th&#233;orie &#233;conomique autrichienne l&#8217;est tout autant. Ces certitudes, mises en musique sociale, permettent alors la pleine libre expression des opinions ou pr&#233;f&#233;rences sociales de chacun. </em></p><p><em>Aucune autre doctrine politique ne permet cette articulation. &#171;l&#8217;on doit&#187; : Je n&#8217;impose rien &#224; personne. Mais en effet, quiconque souhaite vraiment la Libert&#233; n&#8217;a pas d&#8217;autre choix logique que de se d&#233;barrasser de tout monopole, donc de l&#8217;&#233;tat. &#171;supprimer&#187; : Et pour compl&#233;ter, je n&#8217;impose pas aux autres de supprimer leur cher &#233;tat, mais j&#8217;exige, je revendique qu&#8217;on me laisse, qu&#8217;on nous laisse choisir de le quitter, totalement. C&#8217;est strictement l&#233;gitime.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>2. Aviez-vous des pr&#233;dispositions sociales qui vous ont men&#233; vers une vision libertarienne ?</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>Pas sp&#233;cialement. Deux facteurs familiaux ont cependant pu jouer : Je suis d&#8217;une famille d&#8217;entrepreneurs et d&#8217;artisans, et j&#8217;ai grandi &#224; l&#8217;&#233;tranger, donc loin de la propagande de l&#8217;&#201;ducation nationale. Aussi, un &#233;v&#233;nement brutal &#8211; vivre en direct et sur place l&#8217;explosion de la crise des subprimes en 2008 &#8211; m&#8217;a d&#233;clench&#233; un besoin immense de comprendre comment on avait pu en arriver l&#224;. </em></p><p><em>Pour mieux vous r&#233;pondre, je pense que nous sommes tous, absolument tous, des libertariens naturels. On na&#238;t libertarien. &#202;tre libertarien, c&#8217;est &#234;tre humain, tout simplement. Et inversement. Par contre, c&#8217;est l&#8217;endoctrinement massif subi par chacun durant ses jeunes ann&#233;es qui finit par faire de nous des zombies &#233;tatistes &#8211; de droite comme de gauche, peu importe, la diff&#233;rence entre les deux est infime.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>3. Dans les pays europ&#233;ens sociaux-d&#233;mocrates, nous cherchons souvent o&#249; placer la limite &#224; la libert&#233; et d&#8217;ailleurs rarement, voire jamais, celle de l&#8217;&#233;galit&#233;. De m&#234;me, nous entendons les termes &#8220;ultralib&#233;ralisme&#8221; mais jamais &#8220;ultracommunisme&#8221;, &#8220;ultra&#233;tatisme&#8221;, &#8220;ultrasocialisme&#8221;,&#8230; <br>Est-ce &#224; dire que les m&#233;dias sous perfusion &#233;tatique jouent un r&#244;le majeur dans notre imaginaire ?</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>C&#8217;est une observation tr&#232;s juste. Je la g&#233;n&#233;raliserai : personne ou presque n&#8217;ose &#8211; car il s&#8217;agit bien d&#8217;oser &#8211; remettre en cause le socialisme, le communisme, encore moins les versions politiques du communisme issues des diverses religions, telle la sharia ou les kolkhozes. Le &#171;Bien&#187; serait d&#233;finitivement de leur c&#244;t&#233;. Donc plus on s&#8217;en &#233;loignerait &#8211; comme le pr&#233;fixe &#171;ultra&#187; le sugg&#232;re &#8211; plus on tendrait vers le &#171;Mal&#187; absolu. Il n&#8217;y a rien de naturel &#224; cette croyance. Sauf d&#233;ficients psychiques, les parents, sous toutes les latitudes, enseignent &#224; leurs enfants des valeurs qui sont &#224; l&#8217;inverse du communisme. </em></p><p><em>Les enfants ont un sens instinctif de la propri&#233;t&#233; priv&#233;e et du d&#233;veloppement personnel. Le r&#244;le intemporel de tout parent est de se transformer en une route de son enfant vers la prosp&#233;rit&#233;, dans la civilit&#233; et le respect d&#8217;autrui. Il faut donc bien que ce soit des acteurs sociaux, disons, qui tordent cet ordre des choses en cet imaginaire que vous &#233;voquez &#224; juste titre. Et ce qui importe &#224; voir, c&#8217;est que l&#8217;&#233;tat ne peut agir autrement, car sans cela, il n&#8217;aurait aucune place l&#233;gitime aux yeux de l&#8217;Enfant sur son chemin vers l&#8217;Homme.</em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png" width="310" height="61.53159340659341" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:289,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:310,&quot;bytes&quot;:45059,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/i/178930132?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LOg2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F939e597f-9193-44fd-bf2d-5c9227225364_1796x356.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Abonnez-vous maintenant&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.lhumain.info/subscribe?"><span>Abonnez-vous maintenant</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>4. L&#8217;&#233;galit&#233;, selon-vous, est-ce une valeur qui compte ? Est-ce seulement une conviction d&#8217;ordre priv&#233;e, qui serait secondaire ou du m&#234;me ordre qu&#8217;une conviction confessionnelle par exemple ?</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>Je vous r&#233;pondrai par une pirouette que je crois significative. Dans un article sur Lib&#233;ralie, et dans mon Libert&#233; Manifeste, je propose d&#8217;adopter la &#171;devise nationale&#187; suivante : Libert&#233;, In&#233;galit&#233;, Concurrence. C&#8217;est vous dire combien je vois une valeur dans l&#8217;&#233;galit&#233; ! La Gauche &#8211; et la pseudo Droite ne fait que la suivre &#8211; commet, volontairement, une erreur profonde dans sa confusion entre &#233;galit&#233; et Justice. </em></p><p><em>La R&#233;volution est n&#233;e de la volont&#233; de d&#233;truire les privil&#232;ges, donc d&#8217;aller vers &#171;l&#8217;&#233;galit&#233; devant la loi&#187;. Mais l&#8217;&#233;galit&#233; devant la loi, cela ne permettait pas de faire des lois contre les &#171;riches&#187; et les &#171;exploiteurs&#187; que Marx est venu fantasmer depuis. Il leur a donc fallu faire glisser l&#8217;&#233;galit&#233; de la loi vers celle de la richesse, ou plut&#244;t vers la pauvret&#233; &#233;gale pour tous. L&#8217;&#233;galit&#233; rime depuis avec l&#233;galit&#233;, mais c&#8217;est l&#8217;in&#233;galit&#233; seule qui est rest&#233;e l&#233;gitime. Pourquoi ? Juste un exemple : si nous &#233;tions tous en situation d&#8217;&#233;galit&#233;, pourquoi faire des &#233;changes entre nous ? Pourquoi commercer ? Tout &#233;change vient de l&#8217;in&#233;galit&#233; de ses acteurs et en cr&#233;e une autre. Comme valeur, l&#8217;&#233;galit&#233; est donc celle d&#8217;un monde &#224; la Matrix, o&#249; nous sommes tous uniformes &#8211; sauf bien s&#251;r les &#233;lus plus &#233;gaux que les autres.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>5. La libert&#233;, vous dites, c&#8217;est elle qui a fa&#231;onn&#233; la civilisation et qu&#8217;elle n&#8217;est &#8220;gu&#232;re &#224; la mode aujourd&#8217;hui&#8221;. En Europe, ou en Occident plus largement, on constate sous certains aspects un effondrement civilisationnel. Et donc on a tout un tas de leaders d&#8217;opinion qui commencent &#224; surfer sur la vague. Chacun tente d&#8217;expliquer le d&#233;clin et on en a de toutes les couleurs ! Et vous, vous dites que c&#8217;est li&#233; &#224; la libert&#233;. <br>Quand est-ce qu&#8217;on a eu assez de libert&#233; pour pouvoir b&#226;tir cette civilisation ?</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>C&#8217;est une bonne question, merci. Dans une vid&#233;o r&#233;cente (#100) sur la cha&#238;ne &#171;Pour ainsi dire&#187; de mon ami Laurent, je conclus que la civilisation se fait &#171;malgr&#233; la d&#233;mocratie&#187;. Et je maintiens cette position ici. La civilisation n&#8217;est pas, n&#8217;est jamais et n&#8217;a jamais &#233;t&#233; faite par le pouvoir politique &#8211; ou religieux, qui n&#8217;en est qu&#8217;une variante &#8211; mais par les gens, par les individus. Le pouvoir, b&#226;ti sur la force arbitraire, la coercition, est le parfait contraire de la civilisation. Ce n&#8217;est pas le roi qui imposa aux gens de se respecter et de pr&#233;f&#233;rer le commerce &#224; la guerre. Le roi dut respecter le commerce pour se faire accepter des gens. </em></p><p><em>Ce n&#8217;est pas un dieu quelconque qui inventa et imposa au monde les diverses formes du &#171;Tu ne tueras point&#187;. (C. S. Lewis vous expliquerait que l&#8217;adoption du Tao est un fait universel.) Ce sont les &#171;sages&#187; des religions anciennes qui surent int&#233;grer le fait universel du Droit naturel dans leurs textes &#8211; pour, ce faisant, en devenir les premiers transmetteurs. (Allez chercher par exemple chez Hermann Hesse, &#8216;le Jeu des Perles de Verre&#8217;, pour sa vision du transmetteur.) Les gens vivent et font donc la civilisation au jour le jour. Leur capacit&#233; &#224; la faire positivement exploser est d&#233;termin&#233;e par le plus ou le moins d&#8217;oppression qu&#8217;ils subissent du pouvoir politique et religieux.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>6. La Libert&#233;, est-ce le seul sacr&#233; &#224; sanctifier et dont on ne peut blasph&#233;mer ?</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>Je ne vois pas la Libert&#233; comme un sacr&#233; d&#8217;ordre religieux &#8211; m&#234;me si les diverses &#201;critures l&#8217;ont absorb&#233;e dans leurs propres sacr&#233;s. La Libert&#233; est plut&#244;t un sacr&#233; d&#8217;ordre logique et d&#8217;ordre naturel. Encore une fois, la Libert&#233; est v&#233;cue spontan&#233;ment par les hommes, chaque homme, tous les hommes, si &#171;on&#187; (les loups parmi les hommes) les laisse faire. </em></p><p><em>La Libert&#233; est pour moi plut&#244;t une valeur, sinon La Valeur, l&#8217;autre face de la Justice, sa s&#339;ur jumelle. Une Valeur vitale et profonde de et pour l&#8217;Humanit&#233;, qu&#8217;il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;affirmer, entretenir et transmettre, sauf &#224; voir l&#8217;Esp&#232;ce finir comme dans Matrix et ses champs d&#8217;&#233;levage...</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>7. Historiquement, les r&#233;volutionnaires puis les r&#233;publicains au pouvoir ont eu peur du retour &#224; l&#8217;Ancien R&#233;gime. Aujourd&#8217;hui, les royalistes ne repr&#233;sentent globalement pas une menace. Action Fran&#231;aise par exemple ne fait que quasiment que donner des cours d&#8217;Histoire de France.<br>Ensuite, il y a eu les nationaux/conservateurs/populistes. Eux ne menacent pas forc&#233;ment de danger de mort, mais comme ils veulent orienter l&#8217;&#201;tat, il est facile de jouer le &#8220;th&#233;&#226;tre antifasciste&#8221;.<br>Par contre, j&#8217;ai l&#8217;impression que l&#8217;&#201;tat fran&#231;ais a tr&#232;s peur des libertariens. Il commence &#224; les surveiller sur les r&#233;seaux sociaux. C&#8217;est tr&#232;s compliqu&#233; de b&#226;illonner ceux qui pr&#244;nent la libert&#233; maximale. Le contraste est tellement visible que le r&#233;cit ne fonctionnerait pas. La libert&#233;, c&#8217;est une id&#233;e qui se vend assez bien.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>C&#8217;est tout ce qu&#8217;il y a de logique que l&#8217;&#233;tat nous surveille. Car il n&#8217;y a dans l&#8217;espace politique que les libertariens (j&#8217;entends par l&#224; les anarcho-capitalistes, les minarchistes ne sont pas des libertariens) pour remettre totalement en cause sa l&#233;gitimit&#233; et le pr&#233;tendu besoin de son existence. Toutes les autres lignes politiques ne sont que des variantes de l&#8217;&#233;tatisme, selon l&#8217;une des couleurs de l&#8217;arc-en-ciel. M&#234;me les anarchistes historiques, issus en France de la r&#233;volution de 1848, con&#231;oivent en fait une soci&#233;t&#233; qui reproduit une forme d&#8217;&#233;tat collectiviste, parce qu&#8217;ils ne font pas confiance au libre march&#233; pour remplacer l&#8217;&#233;tat. </em></p><p><em>L&#8217;&#233;tat sait tr&#232;s bien qu&#8217;Etienne de la Bo&#233;tie avait raison il y a d&#233;j&#224; 500 ans, quand il le qualifiait de &#171;colosse aux pieds d&#8217;argile&#187;. Que les gens sortent de leur hypnose, celle calqu&#233;e par la propagande en continu, et la question de l&#8217;&#233;tat saura aussit&#244;t r&#233;gl&#233;e. Quant &#224; savoir si la Libert&#233; se vend bien, je ne demande qu&#8217;&#224; le croire. C&#8217;est bien parce que j&#8217;en suis convaincu que j&#8217;avance chaque jour. Cependant, la foule des &#233;tatistes de tous bords montre qu&#8217;il y a encore beaucoup &#224; faire pour que la vente se fasse en masse.</em></p></blockquote><h2><br>PARTIE II : Allons en profondeur de la th&#233;orie libertarienne</h2><div class="pullquote"><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_jM-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F484da85a-e12b-47b0-abc3-c40e7c30d76a_1080x1022.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_jM-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F484da85a-e12b-47b0-abc3-c40e7c30d76a_1080x1022.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_jM-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F484da85a-e12b-47b0-abc3-c40e7c30d76a_1080x1022.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_jM-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F484da85a-e12b-47b0-abc3-c40e7c30d76a_1080x1022.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_jM-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F484da85a-e12b-47b0-abc3-c40e7c30d76a_1080x1022.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_jM-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F484da85a-e12b-47b0-abc3-c40e7c30d76a_1080x1022.jpeg" width="1080" height="1022" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/484da85a-e12b-47b0-abc3-c40e7c30d76a_1080x1022.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1022,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:187009,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Statue of Liberty in New York City under blue and white skies&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Statue of Liberty in New York City under blue and white skies" title="Statue of Liberty in New York City under blue and white skies" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_jM-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F484da85a-e12b-47b0-abc3-c40e7c30d76a_1080x1022.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_jM-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F484da85a-e12b-47b0-abc3-c40e7c30d76a_1080x1022.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_jM-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F484da85a-e12b-47b0-abc3-c40e7c30d76a_1080x1022.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_jM-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F484da85a-e12b-47b0-abc3-c40e7c30d76a_1080x1022.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@jrmswny">Jerome</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>La libert&#233;, c&#8217;est de pouvoir faire ce que l&#8217;on d&#233;sire avec notre propri&#233;t&#233; priv&#233;e. Ce droit se n&#233;gocie entre les Hommes.<br><strong>St&#233;phane Geyres</strong></p></div><p><strong>1. Si l&#8217;on veut situer le libertarianisme dans un temps long. Peut-on dire qu&#8217;il est issue d&#8217;autres courants de pens&#233;e ou tradition ? Aussi, pourquoi le libertarianisme est-il plus r&#233;pandu aux &#201;tats-Unis plut&#244;t qu&#8217;en France ?</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>Je souhaite d&#8217;embl&#233;e faire r&#233;f&#233;rence &#224; un livre sorti r&#233;cemment aux Editions John Galt, consacr&#233; pr&#233;cis&#233;ment &#224; &#8216;Une Histoire du Libertarianisme&#8217;, par Romain J&#233;gouic. Ce livre montre justement que les origines sont lointaines, remontant jusqu&#8217;en Chine, m&#234;me si l&#8217;acc&#233;l&#233;ration est depuis venue de la p&#233;riode des Lumi&#232;res &#8211; dont il ne faut pas oublier la branche germanique, l&#8217;Aufkl&#228;rung. </em></p><p><em>Les th&#232;ses libertariennes sont vives en Am&#233;rique, tout simplement parce que, par tradition depuis la d&#233;couverte du Continent, la Libert&#233; demeure dans l&#8217;esprit de pionnier qui a fait son histoire et sa population. Tout &#224; l&#8217;oppos&#233; de la France, dont le centralisme, le colbertisme, le jacobinisme, le bonapartisme marquent les esprits depuis les Bourbons, voire plus t&#244;t. Cinq si&#232;cles de centralisme, qui ont en plus empreint le pays de m&#233;pris envers l&#8217;initiative personnelle et l&#8217;entreprise, avant m&#234;me l&#8217;arriv&#233;e de Marx.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>2. Le consentement, qu&#8217;apporte-t-il, pourquoi est-il si important ? <br>Pourquoi on devrait baser nos relations &#233;conomiques et politiques sur cette notion ?</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>La r&#233;alit&#233; humaine fait que pour vivre, il faut se nourrir. Pour se nourrir, il faut avoir produit, ou tout au moins cueillir. La survie de l&#8217;Esp&#232;ce repose sur sa capacit&#233; &#224; produire. Le d&#233;veloppement de l&#8217;Esp&#232;ce repose sur sa capacit&#233; &#224; surproduire, afin de pouvoir capitaliser et disposer de temps pour inventer et cr&#233;er du loisir, de l&#8217;art ou des outils pour&#8230; mieux et plus produire. Il y a deux fa&#231;ons de produire : l&#8217;autarcie ou la division du travail. Nous sommes depuis toujours ou presque dans un monde de division du travail, qui repose sur une forme ou une autre de r&#233;partition des fruits de ce travail. </em></p><p><em>Il y a deux formes de r&#233;partition de ces fruits : l&#8217;&#233;change libre ou la r&#233;partition par la force, c&#224;d le vol ou l&#8217;expropriation. La premi&#232;re forme est celle du libre consentement. Elle est aussi culturellement, profond&#233;ment, intrins&#232;quement &#224; l&#8217;Homme, celle de la Justice. La seconde est celle de l&#8217;esclavage et de l&#8217;injustice. Toute d&#233;marche politique qui sortirait de la stricte logique de l&#8217;&#233;change libre &#8211; la base des relations &#233;conomiques naturelles &#8211; tombe donc aussit&#244;t dans le champ de l&#8217;esclavage. Or depuis les Lumi&#232;res, si ce n&#8217;est bien avant, &#171;on&#187; pr&#233;tend &#234;tre sortis de l&#8217;esclavage...</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>3. Comment distingue-t-on un consentement libre d&#8217;un consentement manipul&#233;, ou &#233;norm&#233;ment manipul&#233; (ex : secte) ? Je pr&#233;cise ma question, la vie quotidienne est d&#233;j&#224; pleine de petites manipulations (ex : le papier toilette se situe souvent au fond d&#8217;un supermarch&#233; et les chips vers l&#8217;entr&#233;e et la sortie.). &#201;tant donn&#233; que la notion de manipulation est tr&#232;s difficile &#224; prouver, et que s&#8217;il y a manipulation, la personne peut &#234;tre endoctrin&#233;e &#224; croire qu&#8217;elle a &#233;t&#233; libre de son choix. Ne pourrait-il pas y avoir une cr&#233;ation massive de la part de personnes (physiques ou morales) malintentionn&#233;es pour cr&#233;er du consentement non-libre ?</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>C&#8217;est une question classique, mais qui en fait ne se pose pas vraiment, du moins pas en ces termes. Je sugg&#232;re de visionner la vid&#233;o chez &#171;Pour ainsi dire&#187;, ou celle de la s&#233;rie <strong><a href="http://AuCoeurDeLaLiberte.fr">AuCoeurDeLaLiberte.fr</a></strong> pour approfondir le sujet, qui est celui du libre arbitre. En substance, la confusion vient du manque de distinction entre &#8216;influence&#8217; &#8211; un synonyme plus neutre de &#8216;manipulation&#8217; &#8211; et &#8216;d&#233;cision&#8217;. &#192; moins de vivre en ermite isol&#233;, il n&#8217;y a pas de vie sociale sans influence permanente des uns envers les autres, sur tous les sujets de la vie. C&#8217;est une bonne chose, car c&#8217;est ainsi que la vie &#233;conomique, et donc la survie, s&#8217;organise. C&#8217;est aussi une mauvaise chose lorsque l&#8217;influence devient manipulation et propagande, bien &#233;videmment. Mais ces consid&#233;rations font partie de la vie, tout homme responsable et adulte doit avoir appris &#224; vivre avec elles, &#224; faire le tri entre le c&#244;t&#233; clair et le c&#244;t&#233; obscur de l&#8217;influence. </em></p><p><em>Dans tous les cas, quelles que soient les influences qui l&#8217;ont affect&#233;, il demeure factuel, objectif, incontestablement observable qu&#8217;il finit par d&#233;cider de son action. Il ne peut pas ne pas agir et il est incontestable que cette prise de d&#233;cision nous semble, nous para&#238;t libre &#8211; la seule exception, c&#8217;est lorsqu&#8217;il subit objectivement une coercition de la part d&#8217;autrui. Pourquoi est-ce incontestable ? Parce que pr&#233;tendre le contester, c&#8217;est d&#233;cider d&#8217;agir soi-m&#234;me : on ne peut pas contester ce que l&#8217;on fait soi-m&#234;me. En synth&#232;se, l&#8217;individu est toujours, objectivement, libre de son action, donc de son consentement, sauf lorsque l&#8217;&#233;tat lui impose son oppression, sa coercition.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>4. O&#249; met-on la limite entre &#8220;influence normale&#8221; et &#8220;manipulation qui rend un consentement invalide&#8221; ?</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>Pour voir o&#249; se trouve la fronti&#232;re, il faut revenir &#224; ce qui caract&#233;rise socialement la Libert&#233; : On vient de le voir, il y a Libert&#233; lorsqu&#8217;il y a libre choix. Le libre choix se mat&#233;rialise dans la concurrence, r&#233;elle ou possible (l&#233;gale), en toutes choses &#8211; ce qui renvoie &#224; la devise &#171;Libert&#233;, In&#233;galit&#233;, Concurrence&#187;, plus haut. Ainsi, une entreprise, en concurrence sur son march&#233;, peut tenter de me s&#233;duire, c&#224;d de m&#8217;influencer &#224; acheter ses produits. Tant que la concurrence me permet de lui dire &#171;non, merci&#187;, le libre consentement est pr&#233;serv&#233;. Mais lorsque le message vient de Bercy, par exemple, ou d&#8217;un pr&#233;tendu &#171;service public&#187; sans concurrence, tel Radio France et la foule des monopoles, o&#249; sont la Libert&#233; de choix et le consentement ? Car ne nous y trompons pas, si un service public est en monopole, quel besoin aurait-il de nous influencer, nous s&#233;duire, puisque ses produits sont sans concurrence ? Autrement dit, la diff&#233;rence est facile &#224; faire : s&#8217;il y a concurrence, on est dans la s&#233;duction, tout va bien ; s&#8217;il y a monopole, on est dans la propagande et rien ne va plus.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>5. Peut-on dire que faire S&#233;cession, c&#8217;est une fa&#231;on moderne et non-barbare de faire une r&#233;volution ?</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>D&#8217;une certaine fa&#231;on, oui, c&#8217;est une fa&#231;on de le voir. Mais je pense que ce n&#8217;est pas prendre la pleine mesure du concept. Faire la r&#233;volution, c&#8217;est souvent une manifestation, une protestation comme disent les anglophones, qui tourne mal, qui passe &#224; la violence. Mais manifester, ce n&#8217;est pas une d&#233;marche de s&#233;cession : celui qui manifeste n&#8217;agit pas dans son coin, il agit envers &#171;les autres&#187; et en particulier envers le pouvoir. Il fait jouer sa force politique pour obtenir quelque chose &#8211; un privil&#232;ge ou la fin d&#8217;une contrainte. Il s&#8217;adresse au pouvoir en place pour obtenir plus de lui. Donc il se met implicitement en position de reconnaissance et de soumission envers le pouvoir en place. La r&#233;volution n&#8217;est donc pas une remise en cause du pouvoir politique, elle n&#8217;est qu&#8217;une secousse qui pr&#233;tend lui donner une autre forme, ou d&#8217;autres oligarques. Mais ce n&#8217;est pas une rupture d&#8217;avec le syst&#232;me politique, encore moins une rupture pacifique. La s&#233;cession est une rupture pacifique ; sa seule revendication, c&#8217;est la reconnaissance du droit difficilement contestable &#224; l&#8217;autod&#233;termination. Faites comme vous voulez, mais acceptez de me laisser faire comme je veux. Faites, mais sans moi.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>6. Qui veut faire s&#233;cession &#224; part les libertariens ? Une alliance n&#233;goci&#233;e avec des s&#233;paratistes est-elle possible ? </strong></p><blockquote><p><em>Bonne question. En effet, personne, aucun parti, que je sache, aucune ligne politique ne propose la s&#233;cession, pas m&#234;me les s&#233;paratistes. Pas m&#234;me le &#171;Parti Libertarien&#187;&#8230; Les s&#233;paratistes &#8211; ces derni&#232;res ann&#233;es, on pense &#224; la Catalogne, aux Basques de l&#8217;ETA, aux Savoyards &#8211; ne vont jamais plus loin que d&#8217;ambitionner de reconstruire une d&#233;mocratie &#8211; ou autre forme de dictature &#8211; sur le territoire cher &#224; leurs c&#339;urs. Ils n&#8217;ambitionnent que de passer d&#8217;un grand &#233;tat &#224; un &#233;tat r&#233;duit en proportion de leur territoire. Ils n&#8217;ambitionnent que le pouvoir, pas la Libert&#233; de leur &#171;peuple&#187;. Les s&#233;cessionnistes catalans &#233;taient m&#234;mes de v&#233;ritables rouges, aspirant &#224; une Catalogne digne de l&#8217;h&#233;ritage espagnol de la guerre civile de 1936. Pourtant, oui, je pense qu&#8217;il peut y avoir des synergies &#224; trouver avec ces mouvements, de m&#234;me que j&#8217;&#233;tais, &#224; l&#8217;&#233;poque, un plein soutien au Brexit. Pourquoi ? Parce la s&#233;cession sera de toute mani&#232;re un lent processus, dont il faut soutenir chaque &#233;tape, m&#234;me les &#233;tapes laborieuses. Et parce que toute r&#233;duction du territoire d&#8217;un &#233;tat contribue &#224; deux facteurs positifs : un &#233;tat plus petit en surface, c&#8217;est forc&#233;ment des politiciens moins &#233;loign&#233;s de la population, donc moins libres de prendre les d&#233;cisions les plus d&#233;lirantes &#8211; comme on l&#8217;observe actuellement &#224; la lointaine Union Europ&#233;enne ; et un &#233;tat qui se fragmente, un pays qui en devient deux, c&#8217;est une concurrence plus forte entre les pays, c&#8217;est un contre-pouvoir plus fort contre la dictature de l&#8217;un comme de l&#8217;autre.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>7. Est-ce que chaque </strong><em><strong>lib&#233;ralie</strong></em><strong> peut d&#233;finir sa propre vision du consentement libre ou de non-agression ?</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>Non, prise au premier degr&#233;, cette question n&#8217;a aucun sens : le consentement et la non-agression ne se d&#233;finissent pas en fonction de pr&#233;f&#233;rences personnelles, locales ou culturelles. Un individu, quel qu&#8217;il soit, o&#249; qu&#8217;il soit, quelle que soit son &#233;poque, sa religion ou sa culture, consent, ou ne consent pas. C&#8217;est l&#8217;individu qui fait le consentement, ce n&#8217;est pas son contexte social, Ce n&#8217;est pas la soci&#233;t&#233; qui fait le consentement, c&#8217;est le consentement qui fait la soci&#233;t&#233;. Par contre, et je suppose que c&#8217;est plut&#244;t le sens de la question, chaque Lib&#233;ralie (chaque territoire libre) pourra calquer des pr&#233;f&#233;rences locales, culturelles et autres par-dessus le &#8216;NAP&#8217; &#8211; Non-Aggression Principle, Principe de Non-Agression. Le propre du libre consentement individuel, c&#8217;est de permettre &#224; toutes les formes de soci&#233;t&#233;, d&#8217;organisation sociale, de voir librement le jour.</em></p></blockquote><h2><br>PARTIE III : Parlons un peu de strat&#233;gie politique</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528819622765-d6bcf132f793?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwyfHxzdHJhdGVneXxlbnwwfHx8fDE3NjM1OTg2NDl8MA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528819622765-d6bcf132f793?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwyfHxzdHJhdGVneXxlbnwwfHx8fDE3NjM1OTg2NDl8MA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 424w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528819622765-d6bcf132f793?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwyfHxzdHJhdGVneXxlbnwwfHx8fDE3NjM1OTg2NDl8MA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 848w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528819622765-d6bcf132f793?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwyfHxzdHJhdGVneXxlbnwwfHx8fDE3NjM1OTg2NDl8MA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 1272w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528819622765-d6bcf132f793?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwyfHxzdHJhdGVneXxlbnwwfHx8fDE3NjM1OTg2NDl8MA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528819622765-d6bcf132f793?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwyfHxzdHJhdGVneXxlbnwwfHx8fDE3NjM1OTg2NDl8MA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080" width="6000" height="4000" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528819622765-d6bcf132f793?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwyfHxzdHJhdGVneXxlbnwwfHx8fDE3NjM1OTg2NDl8MA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:4000,&quot;width&quot;:6000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;chess pieces on board&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="chess pieces on board" title="chess pieces on board" srcset="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528819622765-d6bcf132f793?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwyfHxzdHJhdGVneXxlbnwwfHx8fDE3NjM1OTg2NDl8MA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 424w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528819622765-d6bcf132f793?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwyfHxzdHJhdGVneXxlbnwwfHx8fDE3NjM1OTg2NDl8MA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 848w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528819622765-d6bcf132f793?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwyfHxzdHJhdGVneXxlbnwwfHx8fDE3NjM1OTg2NDl8MA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 1272w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528819622765-d6bcf132f793?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHwyfHxzdHJhdGVneXxlbnwwfHx8fDE3NjM1OTg2NDl8MA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@felix_mittermeier">Felix Mittermeier</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><div><hr></div><p><strong>Pour contextualiser pour les lecteurs, il existe plusieurs approches strat&#233;giques  qui peuvent causer des d&#233;saccords chez les libertariens.</strong></p><p><strong>Certains veulent faire du &#8220;rentre-dedans" en &#8220;s&#8217;infiltrant&#8221; dans les institutions d&#233;mocratiques. Le but est de promouvoir le libertarianisme, de tenter de rapetisser l&#8217;&#201;tat avec le pouvoir obtenu et enfin de faire autant que ce peut pour d&#233;centraliser les centres de pouvoirs en petits morceaux, par exemple territoriaux. Ce faisant, la concurrence et surtout la propri&#233;t&#233; priv&#233;e pourra retrouver plus de place et les gens auront tendance &#224; d&#233;fendre la leur et l'e collectivisme/socialisme perdra de son ampleur. Dans ce contexte, les gens seront plus aptes &#224; aller vers une soci&#233;t&#233; libertarienne et faire S&#233;cession.</strong></p><p><strong>Apr&#232;s avoir essay&#233; la politique, votre point de vue a chang&#233;. Pour une question d&#8217;efficacit&#233;, vous souhaitez plut&#244;t changer l&#8217;opinion des gens par le biais de centres de r&#233;flexions et les m&#233;dias. Vous ne voulez pas rentrer dans les r&#232;gles politiques des institutions. Votre but &#233;tant de faire d&#8217;un coup seul la S&#233;cession. Vous craignez qu&#8217;avec la strat&#233;gie du &#8220;rentre-dedans&#8221; la soci&#233;t&#233; reste seulement avec un &#201;tat minimal, et qu&#8217;il redevienne un jour maximal.</strong></p><p><strong>Votre approche semble plus puritaine, ne serait-il pas plus judicieux de laisser les diff&#233;rentes strat&#233;gies op&#233;rer et de voir quelle est la plus efficace dans le temps long ? Peut-&#234;tre que les deux strat&#233;gies vont coop&#233;rer. </strong></p><p><strong>Pr&#233;cisons que la soci&#233;t&#233; libertarienne n&#8217;a jamais &#233;t&#233; exp&#233;riment&#233;e &#224; grande &#233;chelle, dans les soci&#233;t&#233;s modernes et complexes et dans un temps long. Et donc sur le papier, &#231;a peut &#234;tre s&#233;duisant, mais en pratique &#8212; dans le r&#233;el &#8212; on peut rencontrer des difficult&#233;s inattendues. Pensons notamment au ravage de la r&#233;volution communiste russe qui a plong&#233; la t&#234;te premi&#232;re de la th&#233;orie &#224; la pratique. Les marxistes avaient pr&#233;vu de supprimer l&#8217;&#201;tat une fois la dictature du Prol&#233;tariat &#233;tablie, et d&#8217;avoir une soci&#233;t&#233; sans pauvre. Le r&#233;el a &#233;t&#233; autre.<br><br>1. Que diriez-vous aux sceptiques qui veulent y aller petit &#224; petit ?</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>J&#8217;ai fait de nombreux &#233;crits, des heures de vid&#233;o sur cette question, &#224; nouveau je renvoie donc &#224; Libert&#233; Manifeste ou &#224; AuCoeurDeLaLiberte.fr pour d&#233;velopper ma r&#233;ponse qui sera forc&#233;ment trop br&#232;ve. Mais en substance, en &#233;cho &#224; votre pr&#233;ambule, les arguments sont de quatre ordres :</em></p><p><em><strong>1) Entrisme (jouer le jeu politique de l&#8217;int&#233;rieur)</strong> : L&#8217;entrisme est vou&#233; &#224; l&#8217;&#233;chec, on le sait &#224; l&#8217;avance, et l&#8217;histoire des Thatcher de ce monde nous l&#8217;illustre. L&#8217;&#233;chec est certain pour deux raisons. L&#8217;ambition r&#233;ductionniste (celle de Javier Milei, celle qui imagine r&#233;duire l&#8217;&#233;tat &#224; un &#171;&#233;tat minimal&#187; bien inoffensif), c&#8217;est une ambition qui buttera sur la d&#233;mocratie elle-m&#234;me : quel est le m&#233;canisme qui permet &#224; une d&#233;mocratie minimale de s&#8217;auto-saborder en une Lib&#233;ralie ? Il n&#8217;y en a aucun, ce serait anticonstitutionnel. Lib&#233;ralie est donc inaccessible via l&#8217;entrisme, seule la s&#233;cession y conduit. La seconde raison nous vient de Hans-Hermann Hoppe et son c&#233;l&#232;bre livre &#8216;D&#233;mocratie, le dieu qui a &#233;chou&#233;&#8217;. Ce livre explique &#8211; je pr&#233;cise : il d&#233;montre, comme en maths &#8211; que la d&#233;mocratie, sur le long terme, ne peut pas converger vers l&#8217;&#233;tat minimal, car elle converge vers le communisme. Toujours. Le meilleur des Javier Milei pourra bien crier tous les &#171;Afuera !&#187; de la Terre, ses successeurs &#8211; sinon lui-m&#234;me avant eux &#8211; seront politiquement oblig&#233;s de suivre la demande de la masse, et la masse n&#8217;a pas d&#8217;incitation &#224; renoncer &#224; la redistribution de l&#8217;&#233;tat-providence.</em></p><p><em><strong>2) S&#233;cession ou pas</strong> : De toute &#233;vidence, je n&#8217;ai pas et n&#8217;aurai jamais les moyens de r&#233;aligner tous ceux qui se disent libertariens sur la ligne s&#233;cessionniste. Ce qui ne m&#8217;emp&#234;che pas de le tenter. Il est donc &#233;vident que certains tentent et tenteront encore la voie de l&#8217;entrisme, bien malheureusement. Ce n&#8217;est pas bien grave ; dans l&#8217;absolu : ils sont autant de freins &#224; la chute dans le trou noir communiste. En vision positive, ces gens finiront par entendre raison et rejoindre les r&#233;alistes que nous sommes. En vision n&#233;gative par contre, &#224; d&#233;fendre de facto la d&#233;mocratie, chacun devient le pire adversaire de la Libert&#233;.</em></p><p><em><strong>3) Temps long &amp; Exp&#233;rimenter</strong> : La pens&#233;e libertarienne a un gros avantage sur les autres. Son raisonnement aprioriste lui permet de d&#233;crire les ph&#233;nom&#232;nes avant qu&#8217;ils se produisent. Ce n&#8217;est pas de l&#8217;arrogance, ni du fantasme, mais de la pure logique. Ainsi, les auteurs libertariens ont d&#233;j&#224; largement &#233;crit et d&#233;crit le m&#233;canisme de la conservation ou de la perte de la Libert&#233; &#224; long terme. Et &#224; cet &#233;gard, ce n&#8217;est certainement pas un Robert Nozick qui d&#233;crit le v&#233;ritable processus. Il vaut mieux lire Frank Chodorov, &#8216;Essor et Chute de la Soci&#233;t&#233;&#8217;. En substance, il dit une chose simple : pour perdre la Libert&#233; &#224; terme, il faut ni plus ni moins qu&#8217;y renoncer. Sinon, rien ne peut la mettre &#224; sa loi, et certainement pas les lois de l&#8217;&#233;conomie.</em></p><p><em><strong>4) Communisme</strong> : La comparaison avec le communisme t&#233;moigne d&#8217;une autre de ces confusions quant &#224; la source de la doctrine libertarienne. Les communistes se trompent, parce qu&#8217;ils partent d&#8217;une fausse description du monde, d&#8217;une fausse th&#233;orie &#233;conomique. Ils ne d&#233;crivent pas la r&#233;alit&#233;, donc leurs projets ne peuvent s&#8217;inscrire dans la r&#233;alit&#233;. C&#8217;est exactement le contraire s&#8217;agissant de la doctrine libertarienne. Aucune &#8211; I repeat, aucune &#8211; doctrine n&#8217;est plus solidement ancr&#233;e dans le r&#233;el de l&#8217;Homme. De ce fait, il est tr&#232;s rare que ce que d&#233;crivent ou annoncent les libertariens soit du pur fantasme...</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>2. Si une entreprise devient gigantesque&#8230; Il peut commencer &#224; y avoir les d&#233;fauts d&#8217;un &#201;tat ? Si oui, &#224; partir de quand ?</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>Non, comment cela serait-il possible ? Le raisonnement est simple. Dans ma Lib&#233;ralie, le r&#233;galien est apport&#233; par tout un complexe d&#8217;entreprises. Une en particulier, une compagnie d&#8217;assurance, poss&#232;de une dimension internationale qui en fait un mastodonte &#224; notre petite &#233;chelle. Bien s&#251;r, sa tentation pourrait &#234;tre grande d&#8217;en abuser. Mais la concurrence veille. Il n&#8217;y a pas de pouvoir politique pour lui accorder privil&#232;ges ou monopoles. Ainsi, quiconque se sentirait menac&#233; par cette puissance apparente peut &#224; tout moment simplement aller voir ailleurs et &#224; la fois ne plus en d&#233;pendre et r&#233;duire d&#8217;autant sa puissance. Tant qu&#8217;il y a concurrence, et tant qu&#8217;il n&#8217;y a pas d&#8217;&#233;tat pour forcer, imposer un monopole, la menace pos&#233;e par mon assureur ne demeure qu&#8217;une hypoth&#232;se de salon... Ou un choix des clients.</em></p></blockquote><h2>PARTIE IV : Questions simples/r&#233;ponses simples</h2><p><strong>1. Vous achetez du BTC ?</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>Non, je pr&#233;f&#232;re acheter des &#171;assets&#187; ayant une valeur commerciale.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>2. Qu&#8217;est-ce qui vous motive au quotidien ?</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>La curiosit&#233;, le besoin de comprendre, mes enfants, mes petits-enfants, les jeunes de ce pays, l&#8217;espoir d&#8217;une vague utilit&#233; sociale...</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>3. Une passion insoup&#231;onn&#233;e ?</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>J&#8217;en ai deux. La premi&#232;re est un peu connue : le risque dans le domaine informatique et la th&#233;orie math&#233;matique de l&#8217;informatique en g&#233;n&#233;ral. <br>L&#8217;autre, ce sont les traces g&#233;ologiques universelles de tr&#232;s anciennes civilisations, dont je suis convaincu qu&#8217;elles nous ont transmis le Droit.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>4. Un livre ou une musique ?</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>G&#246;del, Escher et Bach, de Douglas Hofstadter.</em></p><p><em>&#8222;Invisible Limits&#8220;, Stratosfear, par Tangerine Dream.</em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybd_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78a96748-4e6a-4209-9b26-7a50fc618e94_2618x1103.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ybd_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78a96748-4e6a-4209-9b26-7a50fc618e94_2618x1103.jpeg 424w, 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Ukraine]]></title><description><![CDATA[L&#8217;escalade des tensions entre l&#8217;Ukraine et la Russie continue de susciter l&#8217;inqui&#233;tude &#224; l&#8217;&#233;chelle mondiale.]]></description><link>https://www.lhumain.info/p/moscou-rejette-les-allegations-dune</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.lhumain.info/p/moscou-rejette-les-allegations-dune</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 02 Nov 2025 19:11:11 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VePY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e1e93d-993e-4bc9-a1be-3b42e4b664a2_768x512.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VePY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e1e93d-993e-4bc9-a1be-3b42e4b664a2_768x512.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VePY!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e1e93d-993e-4bc9-a1be-3b42e4b664a2_768x512.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VePY!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e1e93d-993e-4bc9-a1be-3b42e4b664a2_768x512.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VePY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e1e93d-993e-4bc9-a1be-3b42e4b664a2_768x512.webp 1272w, 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VePY!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e1e93d-993e-4bc9-a1be-3b42e4b664a2_768x512.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VePY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e1e93d-993e-4bc9-a1be-3b42e4b664a2_768x512.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VePY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e1e93d-993e-4bc9-a1be-3b42e4b664a2_768x512.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" 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y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Le pr&#233;sident ukrainien Volodymyr Zelensky a r&#233;cemment accus&#233; Moscou de pr&#233;parer un plan pour attaquer la plus grande centrale nucl&#233;aire d&#8217;Europe, situ&#233;e dans la r&#233;gion m&#233;ridionale de Zaporijjia, d&#233;j&#224; occup&#233;e par l&#8217;arm&#233;e russe depuis mars 2022.</p><p>V. Zelensky a fait part de ses inqui&#233;tudes selon lesquelles la Russie envisagerait une attaque &#171; terroriste &#187; sur la centrale nucl&#233;aire de Zaporijjia, qui pourrait entra&#238;ner une lib&#233;ration de radiations&#8203;. Ces inqui&#233;tudes surviennent apr&#232;s une s&#233;rie d&#8217;&#233;v&#233;nements survenus en mars 2022, lorsque Zelensky avait d&#233;j&#224; qualifi&#233; les actions de la Russie de &#171; terrorisme nucl&#233;aire &#187;. &#192; cette &#233;poque, il avait exprim&#233; des craintes que Moscou cherche &#224; &#171; r&#233;p&#233;ter Tchernobyl &#187;&#8203;.</p><p>Pour rappel, c&#8217;est le 3 mars 2022 que la centrale nucl&#233;aire de Zaporijjia en Ukraine, la plus grande d&#8217;Europe, est pass&#233;e sous le contr&#244;le des forces russes &#224; la suite de l&#8217;invasion de l&#8217;Ukraine par la Russie. Un incendie s&#8217;&#233;tait d&#233;clar&#233; &#224; la suite d&#8217;une attaque nocturne, mais les pompiers avaient r&#233;ussi &#224; ma&#238;triser les flammes. Malgr&#233; cet incident, l&#8217;Agence internationale de l&#8217;&#233;nergie atomique a d&#233;clar&#233; que la s&#233;curit&#233; des six r&#233;acteurs n&#8217;avait pas &#233;t&#233; compromise&#8203;.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Abonnez-vous maintenant&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.lhumain.info/subscribe?"><span>Abonnez-vous maintenant</span></a></p><p>En d&#233;pit de ces affirmations, le Kremlin a rejet&#233; les nouvelles all&#233;gations de V. Zelensky comme &#233;tant un &#171; nouveau mensonge &#187;. Les autorit&#233;s russes affirment qu&#8217;une &#233;quipe d&#8217;inspecteurs nucl&#233;aires de l&#8217;ONU avait d&#233;j&#224; visit&#233; la centrale et a donn&#233; une &#233;valuation positive de la situation en septembre 2022.</p><p>Zelensky continue &#224; faire appel &#224; la communaut&#233; internationale pour mettre fin &#224; l&#8217;occupation de la centrale par la Russie. &#171; Nous avons besoin de la d&#233;soccupation compl&#232;te de la centrale nucl&#233;aire de Zaporijjia &#187;, a-t-il d&#233;clar&#233;, ajoutant que quiconque ferme les yeux sur l&#8217;occupation de cette installation par la Russie contribue non seulement au mal russe, mais aussi au terrorisme en g&#233;n&#233;ral&#8203;. En outre, il a aussi exprim&#233; ses inqui&#233;tudes quant &#224; l&#8217;&#233;ventualit&#233; d&#8217;une troisi&#232;me guerre mondiale si l&#8217;Ukraine ne r&#233;siste pas et que la Russie avance vers la Pologne ou les pays baltes.</p><p>En juin 2023, l&#8217;agence de renseignement militaire de l&#8217;Ukraine a signal&#233; que la Russie r&#233;duisait progressivement le nombre de son personnel &#224; la centrale nucl&#233;aire. Les raisons de ce d&#233;part n&#8217;ont pas &#233;t&#233; pr&#233;cis&#233;es. Mais la situation &#224; la centrale de Zaporijjia reste en suspens, illustrant la complexit&#233; de la crise en cours. Les efforts internationaux pour &#233;tablir une zone d&#233;militaris&#233;e autour de la centrale ont &#233;chou&#233; jusqu&#8217;&#224; pr&#233;sent. La situation reste donc &#224; surveiller de pr&#232;s.</p><p>Sources : El Pais, Reuters , ABC News</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/p/moscou-rejette-les-allegations-dune?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Partager&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.lhumain.info/p/moscou-rejette-les-allegations-dune?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Partager</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Les pays de l’UE partagent-ils les mêmes valeurs dans leurs devises ?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Les devises nationales sont des expressions concises qui refl&#232;tent l&#8217;identit&#233;, les valeurs d&#233;finies propres &#224; l&#8217;histoire de chaque pays.]]></description><link>https://www.lhumain.info/p/les-pays-de-lue-partagent-ils-les</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.lhumain.info/p/les-pays-de-lue-partagent-ils-les</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 02 Nov 2025 11:56:42 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4kHp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc81b8323-d254-4942-bed3-9159e6019d87_768x563.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4kHp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc81b8323-d254-4942-bed3-9159e6019d87_768x563.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4kHp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc81b8323-d254-4942-bed3-9159e6019d87_768x563.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4kHp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc81b8323-d254-4942-bed3-9159e6019d87_768x563.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4kHp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc81b8323-d254-4942-bed3-9159e6019d87_768x563.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4kHp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc81b8323-d254-4942-bed3-9159e6019d87_768x563.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4kHp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc81b8323-d254-4942-bed3-9159e6019d87_768x563.jpeg" width="768" height="563" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c81b8323-d254-4942-bed3-9159e6019d87_768x563.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:563,&quot;width&quot;:768,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4kHp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc81b8323-d254-4942-bed3-9159e6019d87_768x563.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4kHp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc81b8323-d254-4942-bed3-9159e6019d87_768x563.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4kHp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc81b8323-d254-4942-bed3-9159e6019d87_768x563.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4kHp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc81b8323-d254-4942-bed3-9159e6019d87_768x563.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Voyons si les devises des pays de l&#8217;UE ont des principes qui les unissent ou les distinguent. </strong><br><br>Si certaines devises mettent en avant des notions telles que la libert&#233;, l&#8217;unit&#233; et la justice, d&#8217;autres insistent sur des aspects religieux ou culturels sp&#233;cifiques. Cette diversit&#233; de slogans nationaux r&#233;v&#232;le &#224; la fois des valeurs communes et des particularit&#8230;</p>
      <p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Comment se retirer de PimEyes ? ]]></title><description><![CDATA[La reconnaissance faciale, bien que novatrice et parfois tr&#232;s pratique, soul&#232;ve des enjeux majeurs de vie priv&#233;e.]]></description><link>https://www.lhumain.info/p/comment-se-retirer-de-pimeyes</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.lhumain.info/p/comment-se-retirer-de-pimeyes</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 02 Nov 2025 01:12:11 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dcmj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95e4a0e4-984f-4e6d-81b8-31062cdfe1fe_768x512.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dcmj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95e4a0e4-984f-4e6d-81b8-31062cdfe1fe_768x512.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dcmj!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95e4a0e4-984f-4e6d-81b8-31062cdfe1fe_768x512.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dcmj!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95e4a0e4-984f-4e6d-81b8-31062cdfe1fe_768x512.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dcmj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95e4a0e4-984f-4e6d-81b8-31062cdfe1fe_768x512.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dcmj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95e4a0e4-984f-4e6d-81b8-31062cdfe1fe_768x512.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dcmj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95e4a0e4-984f-4e6d-81b8-31062cdfe1fe_768x512.webp" width="768" height="512" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/95e4a0e4-984f-4e6d-81b8-31062cdfe1fe_768x512.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:512,&quot;width&quot;:768,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dcmj!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95e4a0e4-984f-4e6d-81b8-31062cdfe1fe_768x512.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dcmj!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95e4a0e4-984f-4e6d-81b8-31062cdfe1fe_768x512.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dcmj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95e4a0e4-984f-4e6d-81b8-31062cdfe1fe_768x512.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dcmj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95e4a0e4-984f-4e6d-81b8-31062cdfe1fe_768x512.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>La reconnaissance faciale, bien que novatrice et parfois tr&#232;s pratique, soul&#232;ve des enjeux majeurs de vie priv&#233;e, illustr&#233;s par des plateformes telles que PimEyes, un outil de recherche invers&#233;e de visages sur le web. Avec une base de donn&#233;es colossale, PimEyes pose des risques r&#233;els tels que le cyberharc&#232;lement ou la cyberviolence. Conform&#233;ment aux r&#233;glementations europ&#233;ennes RGPD, il est possible de demander la suppression de vos donn&#233;es personnelles sur ce service en ligne. Voici pourquoi et comment le faire :</p><p>Gr&#226;ce &#224; une base de donn&#233;es comprenant plus de 900 millions d&#8217;images provenant d&#8217;Internet, des r&#233;seaux sociaux, et m&#234;me de sites pornographiques, PimEyes permet &#224; quiconque de rechercher des visages en ligne, ce qui pose des risques non n&#233;gligeables. Cette utilisation priv&#233;e de la technologie de reconnaissance faciale et des bases de donn&#233;es biom&#233;triques a fait l&#8217;objet de questions parlementaires au sein de l&#8217;Union Europ&#233;enne, soulignant des cas de probl&#233;matiques d&#8217;&#233;thique et de protection des donn&#233;es. En revanche, cet outil permet &#233;galement de d&#233;couvrir si nos photos sont utilis&#233;es &#224; notre insu &#224; des fins malveillantes. C&#8217;est justement ce que l&#8217;entreprise pr&#233;tend : &#171; Nous vous aidons &#224; trouver vos photos sur Internet et &#224; vous d&#233;fendre contre les escrocs, les voleurs d&#8217;identit&#233; ou les personnes qui utilisent votre image ill&#233;galement. &#187;</p><p>PimEyes a mis en place un formulaire de demande de retrait. Pour cette demande, il vous sera demand&#233; de t&#233;l&#233;charger une photo de vous-m&#234;me (et elle ne sera pas incluse dans les r&#233;sultats de recherche futurs) et un scan anonymis&#233; de votre pi&#232;ce d&#8217;identit&#233; ou de votre passeport pour la confirmation de votre identit&#233;.</p><h2>Testons avec la plateforme avec la photo de Micode&#8230;</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JPGm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadb28f80-45bf-465d-8763-d7b50600dcd4_680x376.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JPGm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadb28f80-45bf-465d-8763-d7b50600dcd4_680x376.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JPGm!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadb28f80-45bf-465d-8763-d7b50600dcd4_680x376.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JPGm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadb28f80-45bf-465d-8763-d7b50600dcd4_680x376.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JPGm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadb28f80-45bf-465d-8763-d7b50600dcd4_680x376.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JPGm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadb28f80-45bf-465d-8763-d7b50600dcd4_680x376.jpeg" width="680" height="376" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/adb28f80-45bf-465d-8763-d7b50600dcd4_680x376.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:376,&quot;width&quot;:680,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JPGm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadb28f80-45bf-465d-8763-d7b50600dcd4_680x376.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JPGm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadb28f80-45bf-465d-8763-d7b50600dcd4_680x376.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JPGm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadb28f80-45bf-465d-8763-d7b50600dcd4_680x376.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JPGm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fadb28f80-45bf-465d-8763-d7b50600dcd4_680x376.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Micha&#235;l de Marliave, connu sous le nom de Micode. Vid&#233;aste web th&#233;matique informatique et cybers&#233;curit&#233;.</figcaption></figure></div><h2>Un r&#233;sultat concluant</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Kpa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f25f5c3-d023-448f-a86c-99ceb64bf491_1024x738.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Kpa!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f25f5c3-d023-448f-a86c-99ceb64bf491_1024x738.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Kpa!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f25f5c3-d023-448f-a86c-99ceb64bf491_1024x738.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Kpa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f25f5c3-d023-448f-a86c-99ceb64bf491_1024x738.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Kpa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f25f5c3-d023-448f-a86c-99ceb64bf491_1024x738.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Kpa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f25f5c3-d023-448f-a86c-99ceb64bf491_1024x738.jpeg" width="1024" height="738" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6f25f5c3-d023-448f-a86c-99ceb64bf491_1024x738.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:738,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Kpa!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f25f5c3-d023-448f-a86c-99ceb64bf491_1024x738.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Kpa!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f25f5c3-d023-448f-a86c-99ceb64bf491_1024x738.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Kpa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f25f5c3-d023-448f-a86c-99ceb64bf491_1024x738.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8Kpa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f25f5c3-d023-448f-a86c-99ceb64bf491_1024x738.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Des dizaines de photos avec des liens</figcaption></figure></div><h2>Le message re&#231;u une fois le formulaire d&#8217;OPT-OUT envoy&#233;, &#224; quoi &#231;a ressemble ?</h2><blockquote><p>Nous avons accept&#233; votre demande de retrait. Vos r&#233;sultats potentiels contenant votre visage sont supprim&#233;s de notre syst&#232;me.</p><p>&#201;tant donn&#233; que les images peuvent &#234;tre construites avec une combinaison d&#8217;index multiples, il y a une petite possibilit&#233; que toutes les images ne soient pas supprim&#233;es. Par cons&#233;quent, au cas o&#249; il y aurait encore des r&#233;sultats, nous sugg&#233;rons d&#8217;effectuer l&#8217;opt-out avec plusieurs images, dans la mesure o&#249; cela donne au moteur d&#8217;opt-out la possibilit&#233; de bloquer des combinaisons d&#8217;index plus complexes.</p><p>Dans de rares cas, certains r&#233;sultats peuvent appara&#238;tre qui sont de trop mauvaise qualit&#233; pour &#234;tre index&#233;s. Dans de tels cas, PimEyes a d&#233;velopp&#233; une fonctionnalit&#233; permettant d&#8217;exclure certaines images des r&#233;sultats de la recherche. Sous chaque r&#233;sultat de recherche, vous pouvez voir un bouton &#171; exclure des r&#233;sultats publics &#187;. Veuillez appuyer sur le bouton et suivre les instructions pour supprimer l&#8217;image particuli&#232;re du moteur de recherche. Une fois la demande approuv&#233;e, les donn&#233;es relatives &#224; l&#8217;image donn&#233;e sont supprim&#233;es et bloqu&#233;es d&#233;finitivement aux recherches futures. Nous sommes &#233;galement heureux d&#8217;effectuer le nettoyage manuel du syst&#232;me en votre nom. Par cons&#233;quent, n&#8217;h&#233;sitez pas &#224; nous contacter pour obtenir de l&#8217;aide.</p><p><em>Traduit de l&#8217;anglais</em></p></blockquote><h2>Lorsque nous testons sur un visage cens&#233; &#234;tre supprim&#233;, le r&#233;sultat est bien celui qu&#8217;on attend.</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tY_g!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d26f90-aa10-4ffd-a8f3-c2ae5a78a126_1024x327.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tY_g!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d26f90-aa10-4ffd-a8f3-c2ae5a78a126_1024x327.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tY_g!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d26f90-aa10-4ffd-a8f3-c2ae5a78a126_1024x327.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tY_g!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d26f90-aa10-4ffd-a8f3-c2ae5a78a126_1024x327.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tY_g!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d26f90-aa10-4ffd-a8f3-c2ae5a78a126_1024x327.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tY_g!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d26f90-aa10-4ffd-a8f3-c2ae5a78a126_1024x327.png" width="1024" height="327" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e9d26f90-aa10-4ffd-a8f3-c2ae5a78a126_1024x327.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:327,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tY_g!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d26f90-aa10-4ffd-a8f3-c2ae5a78a126_1024x327.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tY_g!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d26f90-aa10-4ffd-a8f3-c2ae5a78a126_1024x327.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tY_g!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d26f90-aa10-4ffd-a8f3-c2ae5a78a126_1024x327.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tY_g!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9d26f90-aa10-4ffd-a8f3-c2ae5a78a126_1024x327.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Traduit de l&#8217;anglais</figcaption></figure></div><p>La reconnaissance faciale et les outils associ&#233;s, tels que PimEyes, sont ind&#233;niablement &#224; double tranchant. La premi&#232;re ligne de d&#233;fense r&#233;side dans la prudence avec laquelle nous partageons nos images en ligne. En limitant la quantit&#233; et le type de photos que nous publions, notamment celles qui pourraient &#234;tre utilis&#233;es de mani&#232;re inappropri&#233;e ou malveillante, nous r&#233;duisons la mati&#232;re premi&#232;re accessible pour l&#8217;usurpation d&#8217;identit&#233;. Pour aller plus loin : Vous pouvez aussi vous d&#233;r&#233;f&#233;rencer d&#8217;un contenu qui vous porte pr&#233;judice sur un moteur de recherche en lisant le <a href="https://www.cnil.fr/fr/le-dereferencement-dun-contenu-dans-un-moteur-de-recherche">guide de la CNIL</a>.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Google repousse les frontières de la traduction]]></title><description><![CDATA[Une des technologies de pointe de Google I/O 2023 appel&#233;e Universal Translator, int&#232;gre la traduction de synth&#232;se vocale et vid&#233;o pour une communication sans pr&#233;c&#233;dent.]]></description><link>https://www.lhumain.info/p/google-repousse-les-frontieres-de</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.lhumain.info/p/google-repousse-les-frontieres-de</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 02 Nov 2025 01:02:29 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I6rm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F329fa5f0-c10b-4ccd-a3b0-87c00402cd6e_768x474.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I6rm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F329fa5f0-c10b-4ccd-a3b0-87c00402cd6e_768x474.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I6rm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F329fa5f0-c10b-4ccd-a3b0-87c00402cd6e_768x474.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I6rm!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F329fa5f0-c10b-4ccd-a3b0-87c00402cd6e_768x474.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I6rm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F329fa5f0-c10b-4ccd-a3b0-87c00402cd6e_768x474.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I6rm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F329fa5f0-c10b-4ccd-a3b0-87c00402cd6e_768x474.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I6rm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F329fa5f0-c10b-4ccd-a3b0-87c00402cd6e_768x474.jpeg" width="768" height="474" 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I6rm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F329fa5f0-c10b-4ccd-a3b0-87c00402cd6e_768x474.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I6rm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F329fa5f0-c10b-4ccd-a3b0-87c00402cd6e_768x474.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!I6rm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F329fa5f0-c10b-4ccd-a3b0-87c00402cd6e_768x474.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Lors de la conf&#233;rence Google I/O 2023, Google a d&#233;voil&#233; une s&#233;rie de nouveaux produits, y compris le Pixel 7A, le Pixel Fold, la Pixel Tablet, ainsi qu&#8217;un traducteur automatique innovant qui permet de changer la voix en vid&#233;o et synchronise les mouvements des l&#232;vres &#224; la langue traduite. Cette nouvelle technologie de traduction pourrait bien transformer le monde de la communication interculturelle. Le g&#233;ant de la technologie a annonc&#233; un traducteur automatique permettant &#224; une personne de parler en vid&#233;o et de changer instantan&#233;ment sa voix dans une autre langue. En outre, la technologie offre une synchronisation des mouvements de l&#232;vres pour correspondre &#224; la langue traduite, une avanc&#233;e qui a &#233;merveill&#233; mais qui a aussi effray&#233; sur ces potentielles utilisations.</p><div id="youtube2-hLau4-NHMFo" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;hLau4-NHMFo&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/hLau4-NHMFo?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>Cette innovation technologique a de nombreuses applications potentielles. Les entreprises internationales, les services de traduction et d&#8217;interpr&#233;tation, le secteur de l&#8217;&#233;ducation et m&#234;me le grand public pourraient b&#233;n&#233;ficier de cette capacit&#233; &#224; communiquer sans effort en temps r&#233;el, surmontant les barri&#232;res linguistiques qui ont longtemps entrav&#233; les interactions globales. Nous avions d&#233;j&#224; vu ce genre de technologie de <em>deepfake</em>. Il existe d&#233;j&#224; des logiciels utilis&#233;s pour changer la direction des yeux dans les logiciels de visioconf&#233;rence. M&#234;me si l&#8217;on ne regarde pas la cam&#233;ra, l&#8217;interlocuteur aura l&#8217;impression que c&#8217;est le cas, renfor&#231;ant ainsi le sentiment de contact visuel.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Abonnez-vous maintenant&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.lhumain.info/subscribe?"><span>Abonnez-vous maintenant</span></a></p><p>Cependant, malgr&#233; le potentiel, cette technologie de modification de vid&#233;os soul&#232;ve des questions importantes en mati&#232;re d&#8217;&#233;thique et de confidentialit&#233;. La possibilit&#233; de tromper les gens en leur faisant croire qu&#8217;une personne dit quelque chose qu&#8217;elle n&#8217;a pas dit est une pr&#233;occupation majeure. De plus, la pr&#233;cision des traductions est cruciale pour &#233;viter toute distorsion du message original. De ce fait, pour le moment Universal Translator sera accessible uniquement sur liste d&#8217;attente pour &#233;viter les utilisations malintentionn&#233;es. Pour lutter contre les d&#233;rives, ces contenus seront &#233;galement filigran&#233;s. Cela n&#8217;&#233;tant pas suffisant, Google proposera un label pour pr&#233;ciser lorsqu&#8217;un visuel est g&#233;n&#233;r&#233; par IA sur Google Images, et cela, dans le but de garantir que les utilisateurs et utilisatrices soient conscients de son utilisation et des implications potentielles. Il y aura aussi un outil pour en savoir plus sur l&#8217;image en question, ce qui permettra de savoir dans quels autres contextes une photo a d&#233;j&#224; &#233;t&#233; utilis&#233;e.</p><p>En d&#233;pit des inqui&#233;tudes &#233;thiques soulev&#233;es par le d&#233;veloppement de son IA, Google rappelle &#234;tre guid&#233; par 7 principes &#233;thiques &#233;nonc&#233;s en 2018 par son PDG : &#8220;&#202;tre b&#233;n&#233;fique socialement&#8221;, &#8220;&#233;viter de cr&#233;er ou de renforcer des biais injustes&#8221;, &#8220;&#234;tre con&#231;ue et test&#233;e avec la s&#233;curit&#233;&#8221;, &#8220;&#234;tre responsable devant le public&#8221;, &#8220;int&#233;grer les principes de confidentialit&#233; et de conception&#8221;, &#8220;maintenir des standards d&#8217;excellence scientifique exigeants&#8221;, &#8220;&#234;tre mis &#224; disposition pour des usages qui sont en accord avec ces principes&#8221;.</p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Nous avons élucidé le mystère de l’origine du sang chaud chez les mammifères]]></title><description><![CDATA[Publi&#233; le 8 d&#233;cembre 2022 sur The Conversation (voir l&#8217;article original)]]></description><link>https://www.lhumain.info/p/nous-avons-elucide-le-mystere-de</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.lhumain.info/p/nous-avons-elucide-le-mystere-de</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 02 Nov 2025 00:53:43 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IMfG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcbd1a027-4a6c-4e00-a9a0-9329fc60eb6e_768x616.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IMfG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcbd1a027-4a6c-4e00-a9a0-9329fc60eb6e_768x616.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IMfG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcbd1a027-4a6c-4e00-a9a0-9329fc60eb6e_768x616.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IMfG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcbd1a027-4a6c-4e00-a9a0-9329fc60eb6e_768x616.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IMfG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcbd1a027-4a6c-4e00-a9a0-9329fc60eb6e_768x616.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IMfG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcbd1a027-4a6c-4e00-a9a0-9329fc60eb6e_768x616.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IMfG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcbd1a027-4a6c-4e00-a9a0-9329fc60eb6e_768x616.jpeg" width="768" height="616" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cbd1a027-4a6c-4e00-a9a0-9329fc60eb6e_768x616.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:616,&quot;width&quot;:768,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Tritylodon, un th&#233;ropside, reconstitu&#233; comme un animal nocturne &#224; sang chaud. Notez la vapeur qui sort de ses poumons. Illustr&#233; par Luzia Soares&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Tritylodon, un th&#233;ropside, reconstitu&#233; comme un animal nocturne &#224; sang chaud. Notez la vapeur qui sort de ses poumons. Illustr&#233; par Luzia Soares" title="Tritylodon, un th&#233;ropside, reconstitu&#233; comme un animal nocturne &#224; sang chaud. Notez la vapeur qui sort de ses poumons. Illustr&#233; par Luzia Soares" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IMfG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcbd1a027-4a6c-4e00-a9a0-9329fc60eb6e_768x616.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IMfG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcbd1a027-4a6c-4e00-a9a0-9329fc60eb6e_768x616.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IMfG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcbd1a027-4a6c-4e00-a9a0-9329fc60eb6e_768x616.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IMfG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcbd1a027-4a6c-4e00-a9a0-9329fc60eb6e_768x616.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Tritylodon, un th&#233;ropside, reconstitu&#233; comme un animal nocturne &#224; sang chaud. Notez la vapeur qui sort de ses poumons. Illustr&#233; par Luzia Soares</figcaption></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZqYb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa180ef40-4f30-4a2d-b173-e8ba71118d60_1994x459.svg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZqYb!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa180ef40-4f30-4a2d-b173-e8ba71118d60_1994x459.svg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZqYb!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa180ef40-4f30-4a2d-b173-e8ba71118d60_1994x459.svg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZqYb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa180ef40-4f30-4a2d-b173-e8ba71118d60_1994x459.svg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZqYb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa180ef40-4f30-4a2d-b173-e8ba71118d60_1994x459.svg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZqYb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa180ef40-4f30-4a2d-b173-e8ba71118d60_1994x459.svg" width="374" height="86.0912738214644" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a180ef40-4f30-4a2d-b173-e8ba71118d60_1994x459.svg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:459,&quot;width&quot;:1994,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:374,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZqYb!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa180ef40-4f30-4a2d-b173-e8ba71118d60_1994x459.svg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZqYb!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa180ef40-4f30-4a2d-b173-e8ba71118d60_1994x459.svg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZqYb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa180ef40-4f30-4a2d-b173-e8ba71118d60_1994x459.svg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZqYb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa180ef40-4f30-4a2d-b173-e8ba71118d60_1994x459.svg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Publi&#233; le 8 d&#233;cembre 2022 sur The Conversation (<a href="https://theconversation.com/nous-avons-elucide-le-mystere-de-lorigine-du-sang-chaud-chez-les-mammiferes-188872">voir l&#8217;article original</a>)</strong></p><p>Les mammif&#232;res et les oiseaux produisent leur propre chaleur corporelle. Ce ph&#233;nom&#232;ne est connu sous le nom d&#8217;endothermie, ou m&#233;tabolisme &#224; sang chaud. L&#8217;endothermie a probablement &#233;t&#233; l&#8217;une des cl&#233;s du succ&#232;s &#233;volutif de ces deux groupes d&#8217;animaux, car, contrairement aux reptiles &#224; sang froid, les mammif&#232;res et les oiseaux se reproduisent plus vite et peuvent &#234;tre plus actifs, plus longtemps.</p><p>Jusqu&#8217;&#224; tr&#232;s r&#233;cemment, personne n&#8217;avait r&#233;ussi &#224; estimer le moment pr&#233;cis dans l&#8217;&#233;volution des mammif&#232;res o&#249; l&#8217;endothermie est apparue. Mais <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04963-z">notre nouvelle &#233;tude, publi&#233;e dans la revue scientifique </a><em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04963-z">Nature</a></em>, vient renverser la vapeur. Nos nouvelles donn&#233;es, issues des fossiles &#233;tudi&#233;s gr&#226;ce aux rayons X, indiquent que les anc&#234;tres des mammif&#232;res ont acquis un m&#233;tabolisme &#224; sang chaud il y a 233 millions d&#8217;ann&#233;es, soit &#224; la fin du <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/Triassic-Period">Trias</a>.</p><p>L&#8217;origine de l&#8217;endothermie est l&#8217;un des grands sujets de d&#233;bat de la pal&#233;ontologie moderne. L&#8217;apparition d&#8217;un m&#233;tabolisme a sang chaud fut la cl&#233; de l&#8217;&#233;volution de nombreux autres caract&#232;res propres aux mammif&#232;res : l&#8217;accroissement de la taille du cerveau, l&#8217;apparition des poils, un mode de vie nocturne et plus actif, et un taux de reproduction plus &#233;lev&#233;. Ces traits leur ont permis de survivre &#224; de nombreux cataclysmes.</p><p>Au fil des ann&#233;es, beaucoup de chercheurs ont d&#233;velopp&#233; des techniques afin de tenter d&#8217;en d&#233;terminer l&#8217;origine au sein de la lign&#233;e des mammif&#232;res. Mais ces m&#233;thodes ont donn&#233; des r&#233;sultats contradictoires et plut&#244;t flous. La plupart des scientifiques s&#8217;entendent sur l&#8217;hypoth&#232;se que la transition vers l&#8217;endothermie a &#233;t&#233; un processus long et <a href="https://doc.rero.ch/record/200125/files/PAL_E3904.pdf">graduel</a>, qui a pris plusieurs millions d&#8217;ann&#233;es. Selon eux, cette transition aurait d&#233;but&#233; &#224; l&#8217;or&#233;e du Trias ou m&#234;me plus tard, au moment de l&#8217;origine des mammif&#232;res, <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1203117">il y a 200 millions d&#8217;ann&#233;es</a>.</p><p>Nos d&#233;couvertes contrastent fortement avec ce sc&#233;nario d&#8217;une transition lente vers le m&#233;tabolisme &#224; sang chaud.</p><p>Notre nouvelle m&#233;thode diff&#232;re des pr&#233;c&#233;dentes, car elle se base sur l&#8217;anatomie d&#8217;une structure (l&#8217;oreille interne), qui est directement li&#233;e &#224; la temp&#233;rature du corps et donc &#224; l&#8217;endothermie. Elle est aussi ais&#233;ment applicable &#224; un grand nombre d&#8217;esp&#232;ces vivantes et de fossiles, ce qui accro&#238;t sa puissance statistique.</p><p>Cette m&#233;thode sugg&#232;re que l&#8217;endothermie a en fait &#233;volu&#233; en seulement un million d&#8217;ann&#233;es, c&#8217;est-&#224;-dire soudainement d&#8217;un point de vue g&#233;ologique, et non pas graduellement. Et cette &#233;volution aurait d&#233;but&#233; approximativement 33 millions d&#8217;ann&#233;es AVANT l&#8217;origine des mammif&#232;res. Cela implique que les anc&#234;tres des mammif&#232;res &#233;taient d&#233;j&#224; &#224; sang chaud.</p><p>Par ailleurs, ce moment concorde avec des <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-fossils-reveal-about-the-hairy-history-of-mammals-ancestors-61449">d&#233;couvertes r&#233;centes</a> qui pla&#231;aient d&#233;j&#224; l&#8217;origine de la production de lait, des poils et de l&#8217;endothermie &#224; la m&#234;me &#233;poque.</p><h2><strong>Une intuition g&#233;niale</strong></h2><p>Tout a commenc&#233; par l&#8217;intuition g&#233;niale des docteurs Ara&#250;jo et David, qui se sont demand&#233; comment le liquide visqueux qui remplit l&#8217;oreille interne, l&#8217;endolymphe, s&#8217;&#233;tait adapt&#233; &#224; une temp&#233;rature corporelle plus &#233;lev&#233;e. L&#8217;oreille interne se compose de la cochl&#233;e et des canaux semi-circulaires, ces derniers constituant l&#8217;organe de l&#8217;&#233;quilibre. Ces canaux tr&#232;s fins sont remplis de l&#8217;endolymphe, dont les mouvements suivent ceux de la t&#234;te et indiquent au cerveau comment coordonner les mouvements de la t&#234;te et du corps afin de se mouvoir correctement. Ainsi, le maintien de la viscosit&#233; de l&#8217;endolymphe &#224; un niveau constant est tr&#232;s important pour assurer le bon fonctionnement de tout l&#8217;organe de l&#8217;&#233;quilibre.</p><p>Modifier la viscosit&#233; de l&#8217;endolymphe, par exemple en augmentant sa temp&#233;rature, peut avoir des effets tr&#232;s n&#233;fastes sur l&#8217;&#233;quilibre et emp&#234;cher la locomotion d&#8217;un animal.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HOkw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c84e0e4-3ec5-4da7-a524-c2e82d6d551b_1024x642.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HOkw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c84e0e4-3ec5-4da7-a524-c2e82d6d551b_1024x642.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HOkw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c84e0e4-3ec5-4da7-a524-c2e82d6d551b_1024x642.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HOkw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c84e0e4-3ec5-4da7-a524-c2e82d6d551b_1024x642.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HOkw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c84e0e4-3ec5-4da7-a524-c2e82d6d551b_1024x642.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HOkw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c84e0e4-3ec5-4da7-a524-c2e82d6d551b_1024x642.webp" width="1024" height="642" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0c84e0e4-3ec5-4da7-a524-c2e82d6d551b_1024x642.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:642,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HOkw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c84e0e4-3ec5-4da7-a524-c2e82d6d551b_1024x642.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HOkw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c84e0e4-3ec5-4da7-a524-c2e82d6d551b_1024x642.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HOkw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c84e0e4-3ec5-4da7-a524-c2e82d6d551b_1024x642.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HOkw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c84e0e4-3ec5-4da7-a524-c2e82d6d551b_1024x642.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Le cerveau (en rose) et l&#8217;oreille interne (en vert) d&#8217;un mammif&#232;re moderne, un primate, reconstitu&#233;s en 3D. (Julien Beno&#238;t), Fourni par l&#8217;auteur</figcaption></figure></div><p>Comme le miel, l&#8217;endolymphe devient plus fluide &#224; plus haute temp&#233;rature. Nos travaux sugg&#232;rent que l&#8217;oreille interne des oiseaux et des mammif&#232;res, les deux principaux groupes d&#8217;animaux endothermes, s&#8217;est adapt&#233;e &#224; ce changement de viscosit&#233; de deux fa&#231;ons tr&#232;s diff&#233;rentes. L&#8217;endolymphe des oiseaux a retrouv&#233; sa viscosit&#233; d&#8217;autrefois gr&#226;ce a un changement de sa composition, alors que chez les mammif&#232;res, se sont les canaux semi-circulaires de l&#8217;oreille interne qui se sont adapt&#233;s &#224; la nouvelle fluidit&#233; de l&#8217;endolymphe.</p><p>Ainsi, les canaux semi-circulaires des mammif&#232;res sont devenus plus petits et plus &#233;troits avec l&#8217;augmentation de leur temp&#233;rature corporelle. Pour les pal&#233;ontologues, ce changement dans la morphologie des canaux semi-circulaires est une d&#233;couverte inestimable, car il permet directement de d&#233;celer exactement o&#249; et quand l&#8217;endothermie est apparue !</p><p>En effet, l&#8217;oreille interne et les canaux semi-circulaires qui la composent se fossilisent tr&#232;s bien, et nous poss&#233;dons un <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gssa/sajg/article/123/2/131/587464/Introduction-to-the-tetrapod-biozonation-of-the">registre fossile</a> tr&#232;s complet de la lign&#233;e ayant conduit aux mammif&#232;res modernes, qui remonte &#224; plus de 300 millions d&#8217;ann&#233;es. Gr&#226;ce &#224; des scanneurs &#224; rayons X similaires &#224; ceux utilis&#233;s dans le milieu m&#233;dical, il nous a &#233;t&#233; possible de reconstituer par ordinateur, en 3D, l&#8217;apparence des oreilles internes des anc&#234;tres des mammif&#232;res avec une tr&#232;s grande pr&#233;cision, et ce, sans endommager aucun fossile.</p><h2><strong>Une d&#233;couverte qui change tout</strong></h2><p>Rares sont les d&#233;couvertes en pal&#233;ontologie qui permettent r&#233;ellement de red&#233;finir ce que l&#8217;on croyait savoir. Et pourtant, l&#8217;intuition des Drs. Ara&#250;jo et David nous offre, pour la premi&#232;re fois, un indice ost&#233;ologique permettant de retracer l&#8217;&#233;volution de l&#8217;endothermie qui soit &#224; la fois 1) ais&#233;ment fossilisable et 2) directement li&#233; &#224; la temp&#233;rature du corps. C&#8217;est un peu comme l&#8217;&#233;quivalent de la pierre de Rosette du m&#233;tabolisme &#224; sang chaud ! Jamais auparavant une si haute r&#233;solution dans l&#8217;&#233;tude de l&#8217;origine de l&#8217;endothermie n&#8217;avait &#233;t&#233; atteinte.</p><p>Cette &#233;tude remet en question que l&#8217;endothermie ait &#233;volu&#233; lentement et propose une date pr&#233;cise pour la transition vers le m&#233;tabolisme &#224; sang chaud chez les mammif&#232;res. C&#8217;est une nouvelle &#233;tape dans l&#8217;&#233;tude de nos anc&#234;tres qui vient d&#8217;&#234;tre franchie, et on ne peut qu&#8217;&#234;tre enthousiaste quant aux possibles implications que ces r&#233;sultats vont avoir.</p><p>Maintenant qu&#8217;il est d&#233;sormais possible de reconstituer l&#8217;&#233;volution de l&#8217;endothermie avec pr&#233;cision &#224; travers les temps g&#233;ologiques, qui sait ce que les d&#233;couvertes futures nous r&#233;servent ?</p><p>La version originale de cet article a &#233;t&#233; publi&#233;e en <a href="https://theconversation.com/mystery-solved-when-mammals-ancestors-became-warm-blooded-186359">anglais</a>.</p><p>Auteurs :<br>&#8211; Julien Benoit (Senior Researcher in Vertebrate Palaeontology, University of the Witwatersrand)<br>&#8211; Kenneth D. Angielczyk (Lecturer, University of Chicago)<br>&#8211; Ricardo Miguel N&#243;brega Ara&#250;jo (Junior Researcher, Universidade de Lisboa)<br>&#8211; Romain David (Postdoctoral Researcher, Natural History Museum)</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Victor Hugo « Détruire la misère » (1849) ]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#171; D&#233;truire la mis&#232;re &#187; est un discours prononc&#233; &#224; l&#8217;Assembl&#233;e nationale l&#233;gislative par Victor Hugo le 9 juillet 1849.]]></description><link>https://www.lhumain.info/p/victor-hugo-detruire-la-misere-1849</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.lhumain.info/p/victor-hugo-detruire-la-misere-1849</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 02 Nov 2025 00:50:25 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-t5O!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bdc9d19-2227-4940-ba79-8876d71ec424_768x563.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-t5O!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bdc9d19-2227-4940-ba79-8876d71ec424_768x563.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-t5O!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bdc9d19-2227-4940-ba79-8876d71ec424_768x563.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-t5O!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bdc9d19-2227-4940-ba79-8876d71ec424_768x563.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-t5O!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bdc9d19-2227-4940-ba79-8876d71ec424_768x563.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-t5O!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bdc9d19-2227-4940-ba79-8876d71ec424_768x563.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-t5O!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bdc9d19-2227-4940-ba79-8876d71ec424_768x563.webp" width="768" height="563" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8bdc9d19-2227-4940-ba79-8876d71ec424_768x563.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:563,&quot;width&quot;:768,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Statue Victor Hugo, Saint Peter Port Guernsey&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Statue Victor Hugo, Saint Peter Port Guernsey" title="Statue Victor Hugo, Saint Peter Port Guernsey" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-t5O!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bdc9d19-2227-4940-ba79-8876d71ec424_768x563.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-t5O!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bdc9d19-2227-4940-ba79-8876d71ec424_768x563.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-t5O!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bdc9d19-2227-4940-ba79-8876d71ec424_768x563.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-t5O!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8bdc9d19-2227-4940-ba79-8876d71ec424_768x563.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Le <a href="https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/decouvrir-l-assemblee/histoire/grands-discours-parlementaires/victor-hugo-9-juillet-1849">site de l&#8217;Assembl&#233;e nationale</a> indique que le discours appuie la proposition d&#8217;Armand de Melun visant &#224; constituer un comit&#233; destin&#233; &#224; &#171; pr&#233;parer les lois relatives &#224; la pr&#233;voyance et &#224; l&#8217;assistance publique &#187;.</p><div id="youtube2-r9aNz60hBao" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;r9aNz60hBao&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/r9aNz60hBao?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>&#171; Je ne suis pas, messieurs, de ceux qui croient qu&#8217;on peut supprimer la souffrance en ce monde ; la souffrance est une loi divine ; mais je suis de ceux qui pensent et qui affirment qu&#8217;on peut d&#233;truire la mis&#232;re.</p><p>Remarquez-le bien, messieurs, je ne dis pas diminuer, amoindrir, limiter, circonscrire, je dis d&#233;truire. La mis&#232;re est une maladie du corps social comme la l&#232;pre &#233;tait une maladie du corps humain ; la mis&#232;re peut dispara&#238;tre comme la l&#232;pre a disparu. D&#233;truire la mis&#232;re ! Oui, cela est possible ! Les l&#233;gislateurs et les gouvernants doivent y songer sans cesse ; car, en pareille mati&#232;re, tant que le possible n&#8217;est pas fait, le devoir n&#8217;est pas rempli.</p><p>La mis&#232;re, messieurs, j&#8217;aborde ici le vif de la question, voulez-vous savoir jusqu&#8217;o&#249; elle est, la mis&#232;re ? Voulez-vous savoir jusqu&#8217;o&#249; elle peut aller, jusqu&#8217;o&#249; elle va, je ne dis pas en Irlande, je ne dis pas au Moyen &#194;ge, je dis en France, je dis &#224; Paris, et au temps o&#249; nous vivons ? Voulez-vous des faits ?</p><p>Mon Dieu, je n&#8217;h&#233;site pas &#224; les citer, ces faits. Ils sont tristes, mais n&#233;cessaires &#224; r&#233;v&#233;ler ; et tenez, s&#8217;il faut dire toute ma pens&#233;e, je voudrais qu&#8217;il sort&#238;t de cette assembl&#233;e, et au besoin j&#8217;en ferai la proposition formelle, une grande et solennelle enqu&#234;te sur la situation vraie des classes laborieuses et souffrantes en France. Je voudrais que tous les faits &#233;clatassent au grand jour. Comment veut-on gu&#233;rir le mal si l&#8217;on ne sonde pas les plaies ?</p><p>Voici donc ces faits.</p><p>Il y a dans Paris, dans ces faubourgs de Paris que le vent de l&#8217;&#233;meute soulevait nagu&#232;re si ais&#233;ment, il y a des rues, des maisons, des cloaques, o&#249; des familles, des familles enti&#232;res, vivent p&#234;le-m&#234;le, hommes, femmes, jeunes filles, enfants, n&#8217;ayant pour lits, n&#8217;ayant pour couvertures, j&#8217;ai presque dit pour v&#234;tement, que des monceaux infects de chiffons en fermentation, ramass&#233;s dans la fange du coin des bornes, esp&#232;ce de fumier des villes, o&#249; des cr&#233;atures s&#8217;enfouissent toutes vivantes pour &#233;chapper au froid de l&#8217;hiver.</p><p>Voil&#224; un fait. En voulez-vous d&#8217;autres ? Ces jours-ci, un homme, mon Dieu, un malheureux homme de lettres, car la mis&#232;re n&#8217;&#233;pargne pas plus les professions lib&#233;rales que les professions manuelles, un malheureux homme est mort de faim, mort de faim &#224; la lettre, et l&#8217;on a constat&#233;, apr&#232;s sa mort, qu&#8217;il n&#8217;avait pas mang&#233; depuis six jours.</p><p>Voulez-vous quelque chose de plus douloureux encore? Le mois pass&#233;, pendant la recrudescence du chol&#233;ra, on a trouv&#233; une m&#232;re et ses quatre enfants qui cherchaient leur nourriture dans les d&#233;bris immondes et pestilentiels des charniers de Montfaucon !</p><p>Eh bien, messieurs, je dis que ce sont l&#224; des choses qui ne doivent pas &#234;tre ; je dis que la soci&#233;t&#233; doit d&#233;penser toute sa force, toute sa sollicitude, toute son intelligence, toute sa volont&#233;, pour que de telles choses ne soient pas ! Je dis que de tels faits, dans un pays civilis&#233;, engagent la conscience de la soci&#233;t&#233; tout enti&#232;re ; que je m&#8217;en sens, moi qui parle, complice et solidaire, et que de tels faits ne sont pas seulement des torts envers l&#8217;homme, que ce sont des crimes envers Dieu !</p><p>Voil&#224; pourquoi je suis p&#233;n&#233;tr&#233;, voil&#224; pourquoi je voudrais p&#233;n&#233;trer tous ceux qui m&#8217;&#233;coutent de la haute importance de la proposition qui vous est soumise. Ce n&#8217;est qu&#8217;un premier pas, mais il est d&#233;cisif. Je voudrais que cette assembl&#233;e, majorit&#233; et minorit&#233;, n&#8217;importe, je ne connais pas, moi de majorit&#233; et de minorit&#233; en de telles questions ; je voudrais que cette assembl&#233;e n&#8217;e&#251;t qu&#8217;une seule &#226;me pour marcher &#224; ce grand but, &#224; ce but magnifique, &#224; ce but sublime, l&#8217;abolition de la mis&#232;re !</p><p>Et, messieurs, je ne m&#8217;adresse pas seulement &#224; votre g&#233;n&#233;rosit&#233;, je m&#8217;adresse &#224; ce qu&#8217;il y a de plus s&#233;rieux dans le sentiment politique d&#8217;une assembl&#233;e de l&#233;gislateurs ! Et &#224; ce sujet, un dernier mot : je terminerai par l&#224;.</p><p>Messieurs, comme je vous le disais tout &#224; l&#8217;heure, vous venez avec le concours de la garde nationale, de l&#8217;arm&#233;e et de toute les forces vives du pays, vous venez de raffermir l&#8217;&#201;tat &#233;branl&#233; encore une fois. Vous n&#8217;avez recul&#233; devant aucun p&#233;ril, vous n&#8217;avez h&#233;sit&#233; devant aucun devoir. Vous avez sauv&#233; la soci&#233;t&#233; r&#233;guli&#232;re, le gouvernement l&#233;gal, les institutions, la paix publique, la civilisation m&#234;me. Vous avez fait une chose consid&#233;rable&#8230; Eh bien ! Vous n&#8217;avez rien fait !</p><p>Vous n&#8217;avez rien fait, j&#8217;insiste sur ce point, tant que l&#8217;ordre mat&#233;riel raffermi n&#8217;a point pour base l&#8217;ordre moral consolid&#233; ! Vous n&#8217;avez rien fait, tant que le peuple souffre ! Vous n&#8217;avez rien fait, tant qu&#8217;il y a au-dessous de vous une partie du peuple qui d&#233;sesp&#232;re ! Vous n&#8217;avez rien fait, tant que ceux qui sont dans la force de l&#8217;&#226;ge et qui travaillent peuvent &#234;tre sans pain ! Tant que ceux qui sont vieux et ont travaill&#233; peuvent &#234;tre sans asile ! Tant que l&#8217;usure d&#233;vore nos campagnes, tant qu&#8217;on meurt de faim dans nos villes, tant qu&#8217;il n&#8217;y a pas des lois fraternelles, des lois &#233;vang&#233;liques qui viennent de toutes parts en aide aux pauvres familles honn&#234;tes, aux bons paysans, aux bons ouvriers, aux gens de c&#339;ur ! Vous n&#8217;avez rien fait, tant que l&#8217;esprit de la r&#233;volution a pour auxiliaire la souffrance publique ! Vous n&#8217;avez rien fait, rien fait, tant que dans cette &#339;uvre de destruction et de t&#233;n&#232;bres, qui se continue souterrainement, l&#8217;homme m&#233;chant a pour collaborateur fatal l&#8217;homme malheureux ! &#187;</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Élections municipales 2024 : la Turquie aspire au changement]]></title><description><![CDATA[Le pr&#233;sident du CHP, &#214;zg&#252;r &#214;zel, s'est adress&#233; &#224; la foule rassembl&#233;e devant le si&#232;ge du CHP apr&#232;s les r&#233;sultats des &#233;lections municipales du 31 mars 2024.]]></description><link>https://www.lhumain.info/p/elections-municipales-2024-la-turquie</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.lhumain.info/p/elections-municipales-2024-la-turquie</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 02 Nov 2025 00:47:21 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qrg_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee59abe2-a856-4ce6-b790-f35eae3c8a29_768x512.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qrg_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee59abe2-a856-4ce6-b790-f35eae3c8a29_768x512.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qrg_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee59abe2-a856-4ce6-b790-f35eae3c8a29_768x512.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qrg_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee59abe2-a856-4ce6-b790-f35eae3c8a29_768x512.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qrg_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee59abe2-a856-4ce6-b790-f35eae3c8a29_768x512.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qrg_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee59abe2-a856-4ce6-b790-f35eae3c8a29_768x512.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qrg_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee59abe2-a856-4ce6-b790-f35eae3c8a29_768x512.jpeg" width="768" height="512" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ee59abe2-a856-4ce6-b790-f35eae3c8a29_768x512.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:512,&quot;width&quot;:768,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qrg_!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee59abe2-a856-4ce6-b790-f35eae3c8a29_768x512.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qrg_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee59abe2-a856-4ce6-b790-f35eae3c8a29_768x512.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qrg_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee59abe2-a856-4ce6-b790-f35eae3c8a29_768x512.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qrg_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee59abe2-a856-4ce6-b790-f35eae3c8a29_768x512.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#169; Image cr&#233;dit : CHP</figcaption></figure></div><p>Les &#233;lections municipales turques de 2024 ont marqu&#233; un tournant historique dans la politique du pays. Le Parti r&#233;publicain du peuple (CHP), principal parti d&#8217;opposition social-d&#233;mocrate, a r&#233;alis&#233; son meilleur score depuis 1977, s&#8217;imposant comme le grand vainqueur de ces &#233;lections.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nx9z!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5f573868-5c3e-4873-922d-7dff6ab939b2_6435x3517.svg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nx9z!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5f573868-5c3e-4873-922d-7dff6ab939b2_6435x3517.svg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nx9z!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5f573868-5c3e-4873-922d-7dff6ab939b2_6435x3517.svg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nx9z!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5f573868-5c3e-4873-922d-7dff6ab939b2_6435x3517.svg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nx9z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5f573868-5c3e-4873-922d-7dff6ab939b2_6435x3517.svg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nx9z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5f573868-5c3e-4873-922d-7dff6ab939b2_6435x3517.svg" width="6435" height="3517" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5f573868-5c3e-4873-922d-7dff6ab939b2_6435x3517.svg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:3517,&quot;width&quot;:6435,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nx9z!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5f573868-5c3e-4873-922d-7dff6ab939b2_6435x3517.svg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nx9z!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5f573868-5c3e-4873-922d-7dff6ab939b2_6435x3517.svg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nx9z!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5f573868-5c3e-4873-922d-7dff6ab939b2_6435x3517.svg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Nx9z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5f573868-5c3e-4873-922d-7dff6ab939b2_6435x3517.svg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Le CHP a remport&#233; les plus grandes villes du pays : Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Bursa, Antalya, Adana et Mersin. &#192; l&#8217;&#233;chelle nationale, il a devanc&#233; le Parti de la justice et d&#233;veloppement (AKP) du pr&#233;sident R.T. Erdogan, remportant 37,76 % des voix, contre 35,48 % pour l&#8217;AKP. Le pr&#233;sident Erdogan avait l&#8217;habitude de d&#233;clarer : &#171; Qui remporte Istanbul remporte la Turquie &#187;. Mais cette fois-ci, regrettant les r&#233;sultats obtenus, le chef de l&#8217;&#201;tat a exprim&#233; sa d&#233;ception lors d&#8217;une allocution tenue au si&#232;ge de son parti &#224; Ankara. </p><p>Il a ajout&#233; : &#171; Nous analyserons ouvertement les r&#233;sultats au sein de notre parti et ferons notre auto-critique. (&#8230;) Nous ne manquerons en aucun cas de respect &#224; la d&#233;cision de notre nation. Nous &#233;viterons de nous ent&#234;ter, d&#8217;agir contre la volont&#233; nationale et de remettre en question le jugement de notre nation &#187;.<br>N&#233;anmoins, les candidats de l&#8217;AKP sont rest&#233;s en t&#234;te dans plusieurs grandes villes d&#8217;Anatolie telles que Konya, Kayseri, Erzurum, ainsi que dans des villes de la r&#233;gion de la mer Noire telles que Rize et Trabzon, qui sont des bastions de Recep Tayyip Erdogan.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Abonnez-vous maintenant&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.lhumain.info/subscribe?"><span>Abonnez-vous maintenant</span></a></p><p>Les r&#233;sultats t&#233;moignent d&#8217;une volont&#233; de changement de la part des &#233;lecteurs et ont ouvert la voie &#224; une nouvelle &#232;re politique dans le pays. Comme l&#8217;indique <a href="https://legrandcontinent.eu/fr/2024/04/01/le-tournant-erdogan-lopposition-remporte-les-elections-municipales-en-turquie/">Le Grand Continent</a>, ce qui explique ce succ&#232;s c&#8217;est principalement la situation &#233;conomique &#233;conomique du pays :<a href="https://www.lesechos.fr/monde/europe/en-turquie-une-croissance-vive-qui-ne-profite-pas-a-la-population-2080557#:~:text=L'hyperinflation%20toujours%20spectaculaire,institut%20officiel%20turc%20des%20statistiques."> l&#8217;inflation se situait &#224; 67,1 % en glissement annuel en f&#233;vrier</a> (On peut parler d&#8217;hyperinflation). Selon les donn&#233;es de l&#8217;Agence de planification d&#8217;Istanbul, le co&#251;t de la vie dans la ville a augment&#233; de 81 % sur l&#8217;ann&#233;e.<br>Il convient de noter que les partisans kurdes (ou pro-kurdes) ont pu vot&#233; de mani&#232;re strat&#233;gique, en choisissant le principal opposant au gouvernement actuel, ce qui a potentiellement renforc&#233; le soutien en faveur du CHP. Ils ont n&#233;anmoins garder leurs bastions du Sud-Est avec des victorieux du parti DEM (pro-kurde). De plus, Kemal K&#305;l&#305;&#231;daro&#287;lu, qui a dirig&#233; le CHP pendant plus d&#8217;une d&#233;cennie, a quitt&#233; la pr&#233;sidence du parti en novembre 2023 apr&#232;s la d&#233;faite aux pr&#233;sidentielles. Il a &#233;t&#233; remplac&#233; par &#214;zg&#252;r &#214;zel, qui a <em>a priori</em> conduit le parti &#224; cette victoire. <br>Un autre facteur &#224; consid&#233;rer est que le vote des ultraconservateurs a propuls&#233; le parti Yeniden Refah (Nouveau parti de la prosp&#233;rit&#233;, YRP), ce qui a eu pour effet de diviser les voix de l&#8217;AKP. Ce parti s&#8217;est ainsi affirm&#233; comme la troisi&#232;me force politique lors de ces &#233;lections municipales, r&#233;coltant 6,2 % des suffrages &#224; l&#8217;&#233;chelle nationale.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M21L!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc15078e8-710b-4b43-b597-0535c19f4ee4_6435x3517.svg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M21L!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc15078e8-710b-4b43-b597-0535c19f4ee4_6435x3517.svg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M21L!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc15078e8-710b-4b43-b597-0535c19f4ee4_6435x3517.svg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M21L!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc15078e8-710b-4b43-b597-0535c19f4ee4_6435x3517.svg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M21L!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc15078e8-710b-4b43-b597-0535c19f4ee4_6435x3517.svg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M21L!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc15078e8-710b-4b43-b597-0535c19f4ee4_6435x3517.svg" width="6435" height="3517" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c15078e8-710b-4b43-b597-0535c19f4ee4_6435x3517.svg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:3517,&quot;width&quot;:6435,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M21L!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc15078e8-710b-4b43-b597-0535c19f4ee4_6435x3517.svg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M21L!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc15078e8-710b-4b43-b597-0535c19f4ee4_6435x3517.svg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M21L!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc15078e8-710b-4b43-b597-0535c19f4ee4_6435x3517.svg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M21L!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc15078e8-710b-4b43-b597-0535c19f4ee4_6435x3517.svg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#192; Istanbul, la plus grande ville du pays, le maire conservateur du CHP, Ekrem &#304;mamo&#287;lu, a &#233;t&#233; r&#233;&#233;lu avec 51,14 % des voix. &#192; Ankara, Mansur Yava&#351;, du m&#234;me parti, a recueilli 60,38 % des voix. Enfin, &#224; Izmir, Cemil Tugay du CHP a remport&#233; les &#233;lections avec 48,96 % des voix.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r803!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c749ba5-1bf1-4916-84ac-76f22b0a18af_1024x683.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r803!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c749ba5-1bf1-4916-84ac-76f22b0a18af_1024x683.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r803!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c749ba5-1bf1-4916-84ac-76f22b0a18af_1024x683.jpeg 848w, 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y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9_S_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed649a9b-bb80-47f5-93c5-3c8df5033939_1024x683.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9_S_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed649a9b-bb80-47f5-93c5-3c8df5033939_1024x683.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9_S_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed649a9b-bb80-47f5-93c5-3c8df5033939_1024x683.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9_S_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed649a9b-bb80-47f5-93c5-3c8df5033939_1024x683.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9_S_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed649a9b-bb80-47f5-93c5-3c8df5033939_1024x683.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9_S_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed649a9b-bb80-47f5-93c5-3c8df5033939_1024x683.jpeg" width="1024" height="683" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ed649a9b-bb80-47f5-93c5-3c8df5033939_1024x683.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:683,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9_S_!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed649a9b-bb80-47f5-93c5-3c8df5033939_1024x683.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9_S_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed649a9b-bb80-47f5-93c5-3c8df5033939_1024x683.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9_S_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed649a9b-bb80-47f5-93c5-3c8df5033939_1024x683.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9_S_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed649a9b-bb80-47f5-93c5-3c8df5033939_1024x683.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Le pr&#233;sident du CHP, &#214;zg&#252;r &#214;zel, s&#8217;est adress&#233; &#224; la foule rassembl&#233;e devant le si&#232;ge du CHP apr&#232;s les r&#233;sultats des &#233;lections municipales du 31 mars 2024. (&#169; cr&#233;dit : CHP)</figcaption></figure></div><blockquote><p>&#171;L&#8217;alliance turque a gagn&#233;, la Turquie a gagn&#233;. Il n&#8217;y a pas de perdant dans cette &#233;lection. &#187;<br>&#214;zg&#252;r &#214;zel, 31 mars 2024</p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8ALo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f558bac-b6f1-48e0-b9a3-f890e98b528c_6435x3517.svg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8ALo!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f558bac-b6f1-48e0-b9a3-f890e98b528c_6435x3517.svg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8ALo!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f558bac-b6f1-48e0-b9a3-f890e98b528c_6435x3517.svg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8ALo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f558bac-b6f1-48e0-b9a3-f890e98b528c_6435x3517.svg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8ALo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f558bac-b6f1-48e0-b9a3-f890e98b528c_6435x3517.svg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8ALo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f558bac-b6f1-48e0-b9a3-f890e98b528c_6435x3517.svg" width="6435" height="3517" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6f558bac-b6f1-48e0-b9a3-f890e98b528c_6435x3517.svg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:3517,&quot;width&quot;:6435,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;L'origine du CHP - &#169; L'humain&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="L'origine du CHP - &#169; L'humain" title="L'origine du CHP - &#169; L'humain" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8ALo!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f558bac-b6f1-48e0-b9a3-f890e98b528c_6435x3517.svg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8ALo!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f558bac-b6f1-48e0-b9a3-f890e98b528c_6435x3517.svg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8ALo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f558bac-b6f1-48e0-b9a3-f890e98b528c_6435x3517.svg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8ALo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6f558bac-b6f1-48e0-b9a3-f890e98b528c_6435x3517.svg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/p/elections-municipales-2024-la-turquie?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Partager&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.lhumain.info/p/elections-municipales-2024-la-turquie?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Partager</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[« Les publicités Instagram que Facebook ne vous montrera pas »]]></title><description><![CDATA[Une nouvelle de campagne de publicit&#233; os&#233;e et sign&#233;e Signal sur la plateforme Instagram fait parler. Elle visait &#224; humilier son principal concurrent : Facebook (Meta), en critiquant leur politique d&#8217;utilisation des donn&#233;es.]]></description><link>https://www.lhumain.info/p/les-publicites-instagram-que-facebook</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.lhumain.info/p/les-publicites-instagram-que-facebook</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 02 Nov 2025 00:41:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IMK-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9179f80b-5962-4270-804a-18e11834ff94_768x432.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Une nouvelle de campagne de publicit&#233; os&#233;e et sign&#233;e Signal sur la plateforme Instagram fait parler.</strong> <strong>Elle visait &#224; humilier son principal concurrent : Facebook (Meta), en critiquant leur politique d&#8217;utilisation des donn&#233;es. Sauf que la diffusion aurait &#233;t&#233; refus&#233;e par Facebook. La marque &#224; la bulle est revenue sur ce qu&#8217;il s&#8217;est pass&#233; avec un article nomm&#233; &#171; Les publicit&#233;s Instagram que Facebook ne vous montrera pas &#187;.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Omb-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe171b44f-fdd5-467f-9ed0-88094db6fe37_1000x1000.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Omb-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe171b44f-fdd5-467f-9ed0-88094db6fe37_1000x1000.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Omb-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe171b44f-fdd5-467f-9ed0-88094db6fe37_1000x1000.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Omb-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe171b44f-fdd5-467f-9ed0-88094db6fe37_1000x1000.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Omb-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe171b44f-fdd5-467f-9ed0-88094db6fe37_1000x1000.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Omb-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe171b44f-fdd5-467f-9ed0-88094db6fe37_1000x1000.png" width="472" height="472" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e171b44f-fdd5-467f-9ed0-88094db6fe37_1000x1000.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1000,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:472,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;You got this ad because you're a newlywed pilates instructor and you're cartoon crazy. This ad used your location to see you're in La Jolla. You're into parenting blogs and thinking about LGBTQ adoption.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="You got this ad because you're a newlywed pilates instructor and you're cartoon crazy. This ad used your location to see you're in La Jolla. You're into parenting blogs and thinking about LGBTQ adoption." title="You got this ad because you're a newlywed pilates instructor and you're cartoon crazy. This ad used your location to see you're in La Jolla. You're into parenting blogs and thinking about LGBTQ adoption." srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Omb-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe171b44f-fdd5-467f-9ed0-88094db6fe37_1000x1000.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Omb-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe171b44f-fdd5-467f-9ed0-88094db6fe37_1000x1000.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Omb-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe171b44f-fdd5-467f-9ed0-88094db6fe37_1000x1000.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Omb-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe171b44f-fdd5-467f-9ed0-88094db6fe37_1000x1000.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KL3D!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda5ecf96-a2a9-467c-8470-bf18b9001468_1500x500.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KL3D!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda5ecf96-a2a9-467c-8470-bf18b9001468_1500x500.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KL3D!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda5ecf96-a2a9-467c-8470-bf18b9001468_1500x500.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KL3D!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda5ecf96-a2a9-467c-8470-bf18b9001468_1500x500.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KL3D!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda5ecf96-a2a9-467c-8470-bf18b9001468_1500x500.png" width="1456" height="485" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/da5ecf96-a2a9-467c-8470-bf18b9001468_1500x500.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:485,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Screenshots of sample ads&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Screenshots of sample ads" title="Screenshots of sample ads" 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pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2><strong>Acc&#232;s refus&#233;</strong></h2><p>D&#8217;apr&#232;s leur article, Signal aurait cr&#233;&#233; puis achet&#233; des encarts publicitaires Instagram qui affichaient des informations recueillies sur le spectateur. Avec l&#8217;utilisation de ces m&#234;mes outils,<strong> ils pourraient donc &#171; mettre directement en &#233;vidence le fonctionnement de la plupart des technologies &#187;</strong>. Sauf que d&#8217;apr&#232;s Signal, c&#8217;est en raison de cette m&#234;me transparence que Facebook aurait r&#233;torqu&#233; en rejetant la diffusion des annonces.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C2Aq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ccd1b4f-a591-40e4-8b69-ce458ccde225_1600x1023.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C2Aq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ccd1b4f-a591-40e4-8b69-ce458ccde225_1600x1023.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C2Aq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ccd1b4f-a591-40e4-8b69-ce458ccde225_1600x1023.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C2Aq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ccd1b4f-a591-40e4-8b69-ce458ccde225_1600x1023.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C2Aq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ccd1b4f-a591-40e4-8b69-ce458ccde225_1600x1023.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C2Aq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ccd1b4f-a591-40e4-8b69-ce458ccde225_1600x1023.png" width="1456" height="931" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2ccd1b4f-a591-40e4-8b69-ce458ccde225_1600x1023.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:931,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Ad account disabled. This ad account, its ads and some of its advertising assets are disabled. You can't use it to run ads.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Ad account disabled. This ad account, its ads and some of its advertising assets are disabled. You can't use it to run ads." title="Ad account disabled. This ad account, its ads and some of its advertising assets are disabled. 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Ils recueillent tout ce qu&#8217;ils peuvent sur Facebook, Instagram et WhatsApp afin de vendre de la visibilit&#233; sur les gens et leur vie. [&#8230;] &#187; <br><br><em><strong>Signal, 4 mai 2021</strong></em></p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Abonnez-vous maintenant&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.lhumain.info/subscribe?"><span>Abonnez-vous maintenant</span></a></p><h2><strong>Au revoir WhatsApp</strong></h2><p>Ce n&#8217;est probablement pas par hasard si <em>WhatsApp</em> a &#233;t&#233; pris pour cible. Am&#233;lie Charney, journaliste &#224; <em>01Net</em>, nous rappelle dans un article que de nombreux utilisateurs <em>WhatsApp</em> se sont report&#233;s r&#233;cemment sur <em>Signal</em> apr&#232;s l&#8217;annonce que leurs donn&#233;es seraient partag&#233;es avec <em>Facebook</em>. Elle poursuit : <em>&#171; Cette application conna&#238;t un succ&#232;s qui ne se d&#233;ment pas depuis le d&#233;but de l&#8217;ann&#233;e. Sa popularit&#233; a encore grandi depuis que son PDG a d&#233;voil&#233; des failles de s&#233;curit&#233; dans les outils de piratage de la soci&#233;t&#233; Cellebrite</em>. &#187; (06/05/21). Signal aurait donc profit&#233; de cette occasion pour jouer sur cette pol&#233;mique et gagner de nouveaux utilisateurs.</p><h2><strong>Facebook conteste</strong></h2><p>Axel Heath du site <em>The Information</em> affirme sur un tweet que <em>Facebook</em> d&#233;ment toutes formes de censure : &#171; <em>C&#8217;est un coup mont&#233; par Signal qui n&#8217;a m&#234;me jamais essay&#233; de diffuser r&#233;ellement ces publicit&#233;s &#8211; et nous n&#8217;avons pas ferm&#233; leur compte publicitaire pour avoir essay&#233; de le faire. Si Signal avait essay&#233; de diffuser ces publicit&#233;s, plusieurs d&#8217;entre elles auraient &#233;t&#233; rejet&#233;es, car nos politiques publicitaires interdisent les publicit&#233;s qui affirment que vous avez un &#233;tat de sant&#233; ou une orientation sexuelle sp&#233;cifique, comme Signal devrait le savoir. </em>&#187; (Source : LaboFnac, Thomas Estimbre, 5 mai 2021). Signal r&#233;pond au tweet en niant en bloc l&#8217;ensemble des accusations. Et insiste avoir essay&#233; de publier pour des preuves &#224; l&#8217;appui des captures d&#8217;&#233;cran.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.lhumain.info/p/les-publicites-instagram-que-facebook?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Partager&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.lhumain.info/p/les-publicites-instagram-que-facebook?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Partager</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[La cybercriminalité, une menace importante pour les entreprises]]></title><description><![CDATA[Avec l&#8217;&#232;re num&#233;rique, nous avons rencontr&#233; un nouveau genre de criminalit&#233; : la cybercriminalit&#233;.]]></description><link>https://www.lhumain.info/p/la-cybercriminalite-une-menace-importante</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.lhumain.info/p/la-cybercriminalite-une-menace-importante</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 02 Nov 2025 00:31:08 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r35P!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff061769a-649c-4cae-97cc-f9d4e1576ffb_768x512.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r35P!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff061769a-649c-4cae-97cc-f9d4e1576ffb_768x512.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r35P!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff061769a-649c-4cae-97cc-f9d4e1576ffb_768x512.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r35P!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff061769a-649c-4cae-97cc-f9d4e1576ffb_768x512.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r35P!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff061769a-649c-4cae-97cc-f9d4e1576ffb_768x512.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r35P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff061769a-649c-4cae-97cc-f9d4e1576ffb_768x512.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r35P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff061769a-649c-4cae-97cc-f9d4e1576ffb_768x512.jpeg" width="768" height="512" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f061769a-649c-4cae-97cc-f9d4e1576ffb_768x512.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:512,&quot;width&quot;:768,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r35P!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff061769a-649c-4cae-97cc-f9d4e1576ffb_768x512.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r35P!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff061769a-649c-4cae-97cc-f9d4e1576ffb_768x512.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r35P!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff061769a-649c-4cae-97cc-f9d4e1576ffb_768x512.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r35P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff061769a-649c-4cae-97cc-f9d4e1576ffb_768x512.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Les cyberattaques sont devenues monnaie courante, posant une menace substantielle pour les entreprises &#224; travers le monde. Ces actes ill&#233;gaux exploitent les r&#233;seaux et les syst&#232;mes d&#8217;information, perturbant le fonctionnement des organisations et causant souvent des dommages consid&#233;rables.</p><h2><strong>Les multiples facettes de la cybercriminalit&#233;</strong></h2><p>Ces attaques peuvent se manifester de diff&#233;rentes mani&#232;res. L&#8217;extraction de donn&#233;es personnelles (num&#233;ros de carte bancaire, informations m&#233;dicales, photos personnelles, identifiants bancaires, etc.) lors d&#8217;une attaque sur votre r&#233;seau informatique n&#8217;est qu&#8217;un exemple parmi tant d&#8217;autres. Ces donn&#233;es peuvent &#234;tre revendues, divulgu&#233;es publiquement ou utilis&#233;es pour extorquer de l&#8217;argent aux victimes. D&#8217;autres cons&#233;quences peuvent inclure le blocage des activit&#233;s, l&#8217;atteinte &#224; la r&#233;putation, la perte de donn&#233;es strat&#233;giques, les escroqueries, etc. Ces effets peuvent &#234;tre d&#233;vastateurs et mettre en p&#233;ril la survie de l&#8217;entreprise.</p><p><strong>La n&#233;cessit&#233; d&#8217;une approche proactive de la cybers&#233;curit&#233;</strong></p><p>Face &#224; ce paysage de menaces, il est imp&#233;ratif pour les entreprises de tous les secteurs et de toutes les tailles de prendre la cybers&#233;curit&#233; au s&#233;rieux. Les petites et moyennes entreprises, souvent moins conscientes et moins prot&#233;g&#233;es, peuvent &#234;tre des cibles particuli&#232;rement attrayantes pour les cybercriminels. Selon le CESIN (Club des experts de la s&#233;curit&#233;, de l&#8217;information et du num&#233;rique), pr&#232;s de 80 % des entreprises ont &#233;t&#233; victimes d&#8217;une cyberattaque en 2014. Toute entreprise qui stocke, traite ou transmet des donn&#233;es est susceptible de subir un vol ou une perte de donn&#233;es. En 2017, 70% des entreprises ont &#233;t&#233; cibl&#233;es par au moins une cyberattaque, selon une &#233;tude Euler Hermes/DFCG. Ces risques num&#233;riques peuvent paralyser l&#8217;activit&#233; d&#8217;une entreprise, voire la contraindre &#224; cesser ses activit&#233;s.</p><p><strong>Les pr&#233;cautions &#224; prendre</strong></p><p>Les entreprises doivent prendre des mesures pour se prot&#233;ger contre la cybercriminalit&#233;. Cela comprend la formation du personnel pour reconna&#238;tre les menaces en ligne, la mise &#224; jour r&#233;guli&#232;re des syst&#232;mes pour fermer les &#233;ventuelles failles de s&#233;curit&#233;, l&#8217;utilisation de plusieurs couches de s&#233;curit&#233; (pare-feu, logiciels antivirus, cryptage des donn&#233;es, surveillance constante des r&#233;seaux), l&#8217;&#233;tablissement de plans de r&#233;ponse aux incidents et le respect des normes de s&#233;curit&#233; en vigueur.</p><p><strong>L&#8217;importance de la formation du personnel</strong></p><p>La formation du personnel est un &#233;l&#233;ment essentiel de toute strat&#233;gie de cybers&#233;curit&#233;. Les employ&#233;s doivent &#234;tre inform&#233;s des risques et &#234;tre capables de reconna&#238;tre et d&#8217;&#233;viter les menaces potentielles. Les erreurs humaines peuvent cr&#233;er des failles de s&#233;curit&#233; exploitables par les cybercriminels. Ces failles peuvent se manifester de diff&#233;rentes mani&#232;res, allant de l&#8217;hame&#231;onnage &#224; la mauvaise gestion des mots de passe, en passant par le non-respect des protocoles de s&#233;curit&#233; et par le non-respect des protocoles de s&#233;curit&#233;. Les attaques internes sont aussi une menace s&#233;rieuse qui peut provenir d&#8217;employ&#233;s m&#233;contents ou malveillants.</p><p><strong>Mise &#224; jour des syst&#232;mes et s&#233;curit&#233; multicouche</strong></p><p>Il est crucial que les entreprises maintiennent leurs syst&#232;mes &#224; jour pour &#233;viter l&#8217;exploitation des failles de s&#233;curit&#233; par les cybercriminels. On note beaucoup plus d&#8217;attaques sur des syst&#232;mes d&#8217;exploitation anciens comme Windows XP. De plus, une approche multicouche de la s&#233;curit&#233; est recommand&#233;e. Cela implique l&#8217;utilisation de pare-feu, de logiciels antivirus, de cryptage des donn&#233;es et une surveillance constante des r&#233;seaux.</p><p><strong>Pr&#233;paration aux incidents et respect des normes de s&#233;curit&#233;</strong></p><p>Malgr&#233; toutes les pr&#233;cautions prises, une attaque peut toujours se produire. Les entreprises doivent donc disposer de plans de r&#233;ponse aux incidents pour minimiser les dommages et se remettre rapidement. En outre, les entreprises doivent s&#8217;assurer qu&#8217;elles respectent toutes les normes de s&#233;curit&#233; pertinentes dans leur secteur, comme le RGPD en Europe ou les normes sp&#233;cifiques &#224; l&#8217;industrie comme la PCI DSS pour les entreprises de cartes de cr&#233;dit.</p><p><strong>L&#8217;assistance des professionnels de la cybers&#233;curit&#233;</strong></p><p>Au-del&#224; des mesures de s&#233;curit&#233; interne, faire appel &#224; des professionnels de la cybers&#233;curit&#233; peut s&#8217;av&#233;rer &#234;tre une d&#233;cision judicieuse. Les sp&#233;cialistes de la s&#233;curit&#233; informatique peuvent fournir des services essentiels tels que les audits de s&#233;curit&#233;, les tests d&#8217;intrusion (ou &#171; penetration testing &#187;) pour identifier les faiblesses du r&#233;seau, et la consultation pour d&#233;velopper et mettre en &#339;uvre des strat&#233;gies de cybers&#233;curit&#233; robustes. Leur expertise peut permettre aux entreprises de rester un pas en avant face aux menaces en constante &#233;volution des menaces.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Le dissoï logoï : un exercice de réthorique]]></title><description><![CDATA[D&#233;couvrez cet exercice de rh&#233;torique antique encore utile aujourd'hui.]]></description><link>https://www.lhumain.info/p/le-dissoi-logoi-un-exercice-de-rethorique</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.lhumain.info/p/le-dissoi-logoi-un-exercice-de-rethorique</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 02 Nov 2025 00:26:31 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTfQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdc2d567f-5b85-464d-9e49-b5065f5e7db2_768x512.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTfQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdc2d567f-5b85-464d-9e49-b5065f5e7db2_768x512.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTfQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdc2d567f-5b85-464d-9e49-b5065f5e7db2_768x512.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTfQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdc2d567f-5b85-464d-9e49-b5065f5e7db2_768x512.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTfQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdc2d567f-5b85-464d-9e49-b5065f5e7db2_768x512.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTfQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdc2d567f-5b85-464d-9e49-b5065f5e7db2_768x512.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTfQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdc2d567f-5b85-464d-9e49-b5065f5e7db2_768x512.jpeg" width="768" height="512" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dc2d567f-5b85-464d-9e49-b5065f5e7db2_768x512.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:512,&quot;width&quot;:768,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTfQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdc2d567f-5b85-464d-9e49-b5065f5e7db2_768x512.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTfQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdc2d567f-5b85-464d-9e49-b5065f5e7db2_768x512.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTfQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdc2d567f-5b85-464d-9e49-b5065f5e7db2_768x512.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTfQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdc2d567f-5b85-464d-9e49-b5065f5e7db2_768x512.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Rh&#233;torique, provenant du latin <em>rhetorica</em>, d&#233;signe &#224; la fois la science et l&#8217;art de l&#8217;action du discours sur les esprits. Le but &#233;tant de travailler l&#8217;argumentation pour mieux convaincre et mieux persuader. Elle est n&#233;e dans la Gr&#232;ce du V&#7497; si&#232;cle avec notre &#232;re, durant la p&#233;riode classique, avec la d&#233;mocratie et pour la d&#233;mocratie. On pourrait alors dire, comme le dit si bien Ruth Amossy : &#171; telle qu&#8217;elle a &#233;t&#233; &#233;labor&#233;e par la culture de la Gr&#232;ce antique, la rh&#233;torique peut &#234;tre consid&#233;r&#233;e comme une th&#233;orie de la parole efficace li&#233;e &#224; une pratique oratoire &#187;. Nous allons alors voir un exercice pour d&#233;buter dans la pratique.</p><h2><strong>Les d&#233;buts de la discipline</strong></h2><p>Les principaux principes de la rh&#233;torique sont l&#8217;ethos, le logos et le pathos. L&#8217;ethos se r&#233;f&#232;re &#224; l&#8217;&#233;thique et &#224; la cr&#233;dibilit&#233; de l&#8217;orateur. Le logos se r&#233;f&#232;re &#224; la logique et &#224; l&#8217;argumentation, tandis que le pathos se r&#233;f&#232;re aux &#233;motions et aux sentiments. Utiliser ces trois principaux &#233;l&#233;ments de mani&#232;re efficace, permet de maximiser l&#8217;impact et l&#8217;efficacit&#233; de la communication. En plus d&#8217;aider &#224; d&#233;velopper sa pens&#233;e et &#224; construire son discours, la rh&#233;torique contribue &#224; une meilleure compr&#233;hension du monde. &#171; Elle permet de d&#233;terminer la valeur des arguments d&#8217;un discours, qu&#8217;il soit politique, judiciaire ou publicitaire &#187;, explique le jeune rh&#233;teur et doctorant en s&#233;miologie &#224; l&#8217;UQAM, Alexandre Motulsky-Falardeau.<br></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WVNQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca6119ff-feb8-4190-a559-95352e674bc6_1024x592.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WVNQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca6119ff-feb8-4190-a559-95352e674bc6_1024x592.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WVNQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca6119ff-feb8-4190-a559-95352e674bc6_1024x592.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WVNQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca6119ff-feb8-4190-a559-95352e674bc6_1024x592.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WVNQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca6119ff-feb8-4190-a559-95352e674bc6_1024x592.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WVNQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca6119ff-feb8-4190-a559-95352e674bc6_1024x592.jpeg" width="358" height="206.96875" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ca6119ff-feb8-4190-a559-95352e674bc6_1024x592.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:592,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:358,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WVNQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca6119ff-feb8-4190-a559-95352e674bc6_1024x592.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WVNQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca6119ff-feb8-4190-a559-95352e674bc6_1024x592.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WVNQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca6119ff-feb8-4190-a559-95352e674bc6_1024x592.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WVNQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca6119ff-feb8-4190-a559-95352e674bc6_1024x592.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><blockquote><p>Cet homme c&#8217;est Cic&#233;ron (106 av. J.-C-43 av. J.-C) il &#233;tait homme d&#8217;&#201;tat romain, un avocat et un &#233;crivain latin. Le style et les principes mis en lumi&#232;re par Cic&#233;ron ont constitu&#233; les fondements, avec Aristote et Quintilien, de l&#8217;art rh&#233;torique en Europe. Il s&#8217;agit selon Roland Barthes d&#8217;une v&#233;ritable tradition qu&#8217;il nomme &#171; cic&#233;ronienne &#187; et qui a influenc&#233; notamment la d&#233;mocratie am&#233;ricaine et le droit germano-romain.</p><p><strong>&#171; La r&#233;thorique correspond pour l&#8217;&#226;me &#224; ce qu&#8217;est la cuisine pour le corps. &#187; </strong>Platon, <em>Gorgias</em></p></blockquote><h2><strong>Le tout premier exercice de rh&#233;torique</strong></h2><p>En comprenant les principes de la rh&#233;torique, on peut am&#233;liorer ses propres comp&#233;tences de communication et de persuasion. L&#8217;exercice qui va suivre consiste &#224; argumenter avec autant d&#8217;&#233;loquence que possible sur un sujet donn&#233; dans un sens puis d&#8217;argumenter dans <strong>la direction oppos&#233;e</strong>. C&#8217;est avant tout un exercice au fondement de la d&#233;mocratie et le tout premier exercice de rh&#233;torique. Avant la Gr&#232;ce du V&#232;me si&#232;cle, le monde avant la d&#233;mocratie, c&#8217;est un monde o&#249; les d&#233;cisions importantes (sur le juste ou l&#8217;utile) &#233;tait d&#233;termin&#233; par des institutions magico-religieuses. Dor&#233;navant, toute question concernant le bien, l&#8217;utile et le juste, serait <strong>tranch&#233;e par un vote &#224; la majorit&#233;</strong>. Et c&#8217;est dans ce contexte que sont apparus les premiers professeurs de rh&#233;torique, les sophistes.</p><h2><strong>Quels sont les int&#233;r&#234;ts de l&#8217;exercice ?</strong></h2><p>Il y a tout d&#8217;abord un <strong>int&#233;r&#234;t didactique,</strong> c&#8217;est-&#224;-dire un exercice qui demande de faire quelque chose d&#8217;artificiel. Cela dispose &#224; prendre une distance suffisante vis-&#224;-vis du langage pour l&#8217;aborder avec une vue de l&#8217;ext&#233;rieur. Ensuite, il a aussi un<strong> int&#233;r&#234;t cognitif </strong>car il permet d&#8217;exercer la flexibilit&#233; de nos points de vue et de construire un esprit critique. Il a, enfin, un int&#233;r&#234;t <strong>rh&#233;torique </strong>car il permet par exemple d&#8217;anticiper ce qu&#8217;un contradicteur peut avoir &#224; l&#8217;esprit ce qui est utile pour pouvoir le r&#233;futer plus facilement. Voici une m&#233;thode en 3 &#233;tapes dont <strong>Victor Ferry</strong> est l&#8217;auteur, il en parle dans son livre : FERRY, V. <em><a href="https://books.google.fr/books/about/12_le%C3%A7ons_de_rh%C3%A9torique_pour_prendre_p.html?id=aBIBEAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=kp_read_button&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">12 le&#231;ons de rh&#233;torique pour prendre le pouvoir</a>, </em>Paris, Eyrolles, 2020.</p><h2><strong>Le disso&#239; logo&#239; : l&#8217;exercice en trois &#233;tapes</strong></h2><h3><strong>&#201;TAPE 1 : Invention</strong></h3><p>Au cours de cette premi&#232;re &#233;tape, vous devez trouver la ligne argumentative que vous allez suivre pour chacune des positions. Exemple sur le sujet de l&#8217;adult&#232;re : L&#8217;adult&#232;re est une trahison / L&#8217;adult&#232;re est une aventure</p><h3><strong>&#201;TAPE 2 : Amplification</strong></h3><p>Une fois votre ligne argumentative pr&#234;te, il faut placer la barre plus haut que cela. En effet, le <em>dissoi logoi</em> n&#8217;est pas un simple exercice o&#249; il faut regarder, timidement, les diff&#233;rents points de vue sur une question. Il s&#8217;agit de d&#233;fendre ces deux positions corps et &#226;me, avec autant d&#8217;&#233;loquence que possible.</p><h3><strong>&#201;TAPE 3 : Preuve</strong></h3><p>Afin de donner les moyens de votre politique, il faut apporter une preuve de chacune de vos affirmations. Une fois fait, prononcez votre discours &#224; l&#8217;oral et avec conviction. L&#8217;exercice est r&#233;ussi si vous parvenez &#224; vous surprendre : vous allez si loin dans une position que son oppos&#233; vous semble et semble au public ind&#233;fendable et, pourtant, vous y parvenez. C&#8217;est la gymnastique des grands orateurs. Le discours ne doit pas &#234;tre tr&#232;s long, il doit &#234;tre court et impactant.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[No fuck Bébé : retour sur le groupe après 39 ans]]></title><description><![CDATA[No Fuck B&#233;b&#233; r&#233;unit des jeunes issus de la cit&#233; des buis &#224; Valentigney. Il est initialement compos&#233; en 1982, &#224; la guitare, de Ren&#233; Phillipps, et de Jimmy, &#224; la batterie.]]></description><link>https://www.lhumain.info/p/no-fuck-bebe-retour-sur-le-groupe</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.lhumain.info/p/no-fuck-bebe-retour-sur-le-groupe</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 01 Nov 2025 23:54:01 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hqNV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad0e8d64-3d0d-458d-9e68-73b14a4ee325_580x457.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hqNV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad0e8d64-3d0d-458d-9e68-73b14a4ee325_580x457.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hqNV!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad0e8d64-3d0d-458d-9e68-73b14a4ee325_580x457.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hqNV!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad0e8d64-3d0d-458d-9e68-73b14a4ee325_580x457.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hqNV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad0e8d64-3d0d-458d-9e68-73b14a4ee325_580x457.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hqNV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad0e8d64-3d0d-458d-9e68-73b14a4ee325_580x457.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hqNV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad0e8d64-3d0d-458d-9e68-73b14a4ee325_580x457.jpeg" width="580" height="457" 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hqNV!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad0e8d64-3d0d-458d-9e68-73b14a4ee325_580x457.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hqNV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad0e8d64-3d0d-458d-9e68-73b14a4ee325_580x457.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hqNV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fad0e8d64-3d0d-458d-9e68-73b14a4ee325_580x457.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Ils sont ult&#233;rieurement rejoints par Laurence puis Quinroux, &#224; la basse et Titus qui remplace Ren&#233; au chant. Aujourd&#8217;hui nous revenons sur leur histoire apr&#232;s 39 ans avec un entretien avec Ren&#233; Philips.</p><p>Ren&#233; commence par nous expliquer qu&#8217;ils avaient trouv&#233; le pseudo <strong>&#171; </strong><em><strong>No Fuck B&#233;b&#233;</strong></em><strong>&#171; </strong>en r&#233;fl&#233;chissant &#224; un nom de groupe. Au d&#233;but, il le trouvait choquant mais &#233;tant donn&#233; qu&#8217;ils s&#8217;&#233;taient lanc&#233;s avec ce pseudo, ils ont pr&#233;f&#233;r&#233; ne pas le changer. Jimmy expliquait ce pseudo anciennement dans un reportage en disant que les b&#233;b&#233;s sont des petites choses qui sont toujours en phase de d&#233;couverte et qu&#8217;ils ne veulent pas se faire &#171; enc*ler &#187;. Inspir&#233; par le mouvement punk, par exemple des <em>Sex Pistols</em> du folk dans son enfance et bien d&#8217;autres, ils aimaient leur c&#244;t&#233; revendicatrice, leur style vestimentaire &#171; do it yourself &#187;. Ils se reconnaissent en eux par ce qu&#8217;ils voulaient &#233;galement &#171; tout et tout de suite et &#224; fond &#187;. M&#234;me si &#224; cette &#233;poque ils ne vivaient pas de leur musique, Ren&#233; par exemple travaillait chez Peugeot. Il aimait cette &#233;poque o&#249; c&#8217;&#233;tait simple de trouver du travail.</p><h2><strong>Le groupe aurait pu prendre de l&#8217;ampleur sans la drogue, regrettez-vous cette consommation ?</strong></h2><p>&#171; Mais oui bien cela, mais je ne regrette rien de mon pass&#233; parce que mon pass&#233; fait ce que je suis aujourd&#8217;hui. Et comme je dis dans le reportage, je n&#8217;ai pas de remords, j&#8217;ai des regrets. Mais pour autant la vie qu&#8217;on a v&#233;cu, c&#8217;est les choix qu&#8217;on a fait donc quand on fait donc on va jusqu&#8217;au bout. Sinon notre caract&#232;re et notre personnalit&#233; ne se construisent pas, c&#8217;est-&#224;-dire qu&#8217;on a pas du tout d&#8217;identit&#233;. Je n&#8217;ai pas de regret mais j&#8217;ai des cr&#232;ves coeurs par exemple j&#8217;ai plus de 20 amis qui sont mort d&#8217;overdose, de sida ou encore de r&#232;glement de compte, oui il y avait tout &#231;a dans les ann&#233;es 80 ! &#187;.</p><h2><strong>Est-ce que la drogue vous a aid&#233; &#224; avancer ou &#224; tenir debout ?</strong></h2><p>&#171; Non je ne pense pas que la drogue nous ait aid&#233; &#224; avancer, ce n&#8217;&#233;tait pas une source d&#8217;inspiration. (&#8230;) &#231;a nous arrivait de jouer &#224; des concerts sous effets, et la plupart du temps en &#233;tant sous emprise de stup&#233;fiant, &#231;a n&#8217;a jamais &#233;t&#233; des bons concerts. Et tu te rends compte au bout de certains moments que si tu veux vraiment respecter le public, faut pas boire et ne pas prendre de produits. Parce que t&#8217;es concentr&#233; sur ce que tu communiques et par respect du public c&#8217;est bien d&#8217;&#234;tre v&#233;ritablement connect&#233; avec eux (&#8230;) &#187;.</p><h2><strong>Certains de vos amis sont morts d&#251; &#224; une overdose, n&#8217;aviez-vous pas peur de la mort ?</strong></h2><p>&#171; Non pas du tout ! La mort on la c&#244;toie tout le temps, les overdoses &#233;taient constantes. Il y avait m&#234;me des overdoses dans des soir&#233;es. Soit la personne arrivait &#224; revivre, soit la personne ne revenait pas, et c&#8217;&#233;tait une catastrophe quoi. &#187;</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g4Sr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25ee1c9b-d7e1-4a07-af42-075fd851bfe3_717x359.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g4Sr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25ee1c9b-d7e1-4a07-af42-075fd851bfe3_717x359.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g4Sr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25ee1c9b-d7e1-4a07-af42-075fd851bfe3_717x359.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g4Sr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25ee1c9b-d7e1-4a07-af42-075fd851bfe3_717x359.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g4Sr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25ee1c9b-d7e1-4a07-af42-075fd851bfe3_717x359.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g4Sr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25ee1c9b-d7e1-4a07-af42-075fd851bfe3_717x359.jpeg" width="717" height="359" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/25ee1c9b-d7e1-4a07-af42-075fd851bfe3_717x359.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:359,&quot;width&quot;:717,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;SAGA. \&quot;No Fuck B&#233;b&#233;\&quot; : gloire, drogue et Rock'N'Roll&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="SAGA. &quot;No Fuck B&#233;b&#233;&quot; : gloire, drogue et Rock'N'Roll" title="SAGA. &quot;No Fuck B&#233;b&#233;&quot; : gloire, drogue et Rock'N'Roll" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g4Sr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25ee1c9b-d7e1-4a07-af42-075fd851bfe3_717x359.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g4Sr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25ee1c9b-d7e1-4a07-af42-075fd851bfe3_717x359.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g4Sr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25ee1c9b-d7e1-4a07-af42-075fd851bfe3_717x359.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!g4Sr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25ee1c9b-d7e1-4a07-af42-075fd851bfe3_717x359.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo du Groupe</figcaption></figure></div><p>Ren&#233; est toujours en contact avec ses amis, et surtout avec son ami Jimmy le batteur avec qui il a un lien particulier. Il nous livre que ce n&#8217;est pas leur ego qui a caus&#233; la fin du groupe mais bien par ce qu&#8217;ils souhaitaient <strong>&#171; survivre &#187;</strong>. Il explique que le terme &#171; vivre &#187; &#233;tait un euph&#233;misme parce que sa vie aurait pu s&#8217;arr&#234;ter &#224; 20-25 ans. Il se consid&#232;re ainsi comme un rescap&#233;. Il lui reste toujours de la nostalgie pour cette &#233;poque, il se sent &#171; <strong>nostalgique pour la libert&#233;</strong> &#187; dit-il.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Le cloud privé est-il une bonne solution de stockage de données ?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Vous connaissez et utilisez possiblement quotidiennement le cloud pour stocker vos donn&#233;es, vos photos, vos vid&#233;os ou encore vos musiques. Google Drive, Icloud, One Drive&#8230;]]></description><link>https://www.lhumain.info/p/le-cloud-prive-est-il-une-bonne-solution</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.lhumain.info/p/le-cloud-prive-est-il-une-bonne-solution</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 01 Nov 2025 23:25:58 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jd2j!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2391d78c-a3ae-434a-a7e9-c193275af54d_768x510.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jd2j!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2391d78c-a3ae-434a-a7e9-c193275af54d_768x510.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jd2j!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2391d78c-a3ae-434a-a7e9-c193275af54d_768x510.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jd2j!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2391d78c-a3ae-434a-a7e9-c193275af54d_768x510.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jd2j!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2391d78c-a3ae-434a-a7e9-c193275af54d_768x510.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jd2j!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2391d78c-a3ae-434a-a7e9-c193275af54d_768x510.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jd2j!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2391d78c-a3ae-434a-a7e9-c193275af54d_768x510.jpeg" width="768" height="510" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2391d78c-a3ae-434a-a7e9-c193275af54d_768x510.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:510,&quot;width&quot;:768,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jd2j!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2391d78c-a3ae-434a-a7e9-c193275af54d_768x510.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jd2j!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2391d78c-a3ae-434a-a7e9-c193275af54d_768x510.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jd2j!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2391d78c-a3ae-434a-a7e9-c193275af54d_768x510.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jd2j!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2391d78c-a3ae-434a-a7e9-c193275af54d_768x510.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Ces services proposent souvent une version gratuite, mais malheureusement pour celles payantes, les factures peuvent &#234;tre assez sal&#233;es puisque la dur&#233;e d&#8217;utilisation sont g&#233;n&#233;ralement longues.</p><h2><strong>Existe-t-il une solution alternative ?</strong></h2><p>Aujourd&#8217;hui, des personnes utilisent <strong>le cloud personnel</strong> dans leur maison ou pour leur entreprise. L&#8217;objectif est de stocker vos propres donn&#233;es personnelles avec un co&#251;t r&#233;duit sur le long terme. L&#8217;avantage par rapport &#224; un disque dur externe qui peut se connecter uniquement &#224; un seul appareil, le NAS vous permet de vous connecter &#224; plusieurs appareils. </p>
      <p>
          <a href="https://www.lhumain.info/p/le-cloud-prive-est-il-une-bonne-solution">
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour in mammals (ENGLISH]]></title><description><![CDATA[Published on October 3, 2023 on Nature (read the original article)]]></description><link>https://www.lhumain.info/p/the-evolution-of-same-sex-sexual</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.lhumain.info/p/the-evolution-of-same-sex-sexual</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[L'humain Info]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 01 Nov 2025 23:11:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vmzw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3fa499-9cf3-4baa-bf7a-de58a99dbb43_768x440.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vmzw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3fa499-9cf3-4baa-bf7a-de58a99dbb43_768x440.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vmzw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3fa499-9cf3-4baa-bf7a-de58a99dbb43_768x440.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vmzw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3fa499-9cf3-4baa-bf7a-de58a99dbb43_768x440.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vmzw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3fa499-9cf3-4baa-bf7a-de58a99dbb43_768x440.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vmzw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3fa499-9cf3-4baa-bf7a-de58a99dbb43_768x440.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vmzw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3fa499-9cf3-4baa-bf7a-de58a99dbb43_768x440.jpeg" width="768" height="440" 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vmzw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3fa499-9cf3-4baa-bf7a-de58a99dbb43_768x440.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vmzw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3fa499-9cf3-4baa-bf7a-de58a99dbb43_768x440.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vmzw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b3fa499-9cf3-4baa-bf7a-de58a99dbb43_768x440.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N01D!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e9e0f61-5f2f-443f-aeb6-8fbf57705bd0_1994x459.svg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N01D!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e9e0f61-5f2f-443f-aeb6-8fbf57705bd0_1994x459.svg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N01D!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e9e0f61-5f2f-443f-aeb6-8fbf57705bd0_1994x459.svg" width="1994" height="459" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3e9e0f61-5f2f-443f-aeb6-8fbf57705bd0_1994x459.svg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:459,&quot;width&quot;:1994,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N01D!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e9e0f61-5f2f-443f-aeb6-8fbf57705bd0_1994x459.svg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N01D!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e9e0f61-5f2f-443f-aeb6-8fbf57705bd0_1994x459.svg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N01D!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e9e0f61-5f2f-443f-aeb6-8fbf57705bd0_1994x459.svg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!N01D!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3e9e0f61-5f2f-443f-aeb6-8fbf57705bd0_1994x459.svg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Published on October 3, 2023 on Nature (<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x">read the original article</a>)</strong></p><h2><strong><br>Abstract</strong></h2><p>Same-sex sexual behaviour has attracted the attention of many scientists working in disparate areas, from sociology and psychology to behavioural and evolutionary biology. Since it does not contribute directly to reproduction, same-sex sexual behaviour is considered an evolutionary conundrum. Here, using phylogenetic analyses, we explore the evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour in mammals. According to currently available data, this behaviour is not randomly distributed across mammal lineages, but tends to be particularly prevalent in some clades, especially primates. Ancestral reconstruction suggests that same-sex sexual behaviour may have evolved multiple times, with its appearance being a recent phenomenon in most mammalian lineages. Our phylogenetically informed analyses testing for associations between same-sex sexual behaviour and other species characteristics suggest that it may play an adaptive role in maintaining social relationships and mitigating conflict.</p><h2><strong>Introduction</strong></h2><p>Same-sex sexual behaviour, that is, any attempted sexual activity between members of the same sex<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR1"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR2"><sup>2</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR3"><sup>3</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR4"><sup>4</sup></a>, has been reported in over 1500 animal species, including all main groups from invertebrates such as insects, spiders, echinoderms, and nematodes, to vertebrates such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR1"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR2"><sup>2</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR3"><sup>3</sup></a>. Same-sex sexual behaviour is particularly prevalent in nonhuman primates<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR5"><sup>5</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR6"><sup>6</sup></a>, where it has been observed in at least 51 species from lemurs to apes<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR7"><sup>7</sup></a>. This sexual behaviour is not limited to one sex or to the existence of artificial conditions, as it has been observed in males and females both in captivity and in wild conditions<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR1"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR2"><sup>2</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR3"><sup>3</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR8"><sup>8</sup></a>. Same-sex sexual behaviour is also frequent in humans, existing throughout most of our history and in many societies and cultures<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR9"><sup>9</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR10"><sup>10</sup></a>.</p><p>Same-sex sexual behaviour has been argued to incur higher costs than different-sex sexual behaviour<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR11"><sup>11</sup></a>. First, sexual interactions with members of the same sex can have similar mating costs as sexual interactions with members of the opposite sex in terms of energy expenditure, time use, disease transmission, injuries, etc<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR8"><sup>8</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR12"><sup>12</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR13"><sup>13</sup></a>. Second, because it does not directly contribute to reproduction, same-sex sexual behaviour additionally has the opportunity cost of not producing offspring, if same-sex sexual behaviour occurs instead of different-sex sexual behaviour<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR8"><sup>8</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR11"><sup>11</sup></a>. For these reasons, the evolution and prevalence of same-sex sexual behaviour is often considered a Darwinian paradox<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR3"><sup>3</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR4"><sup>4</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR11"><sup>11</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR14"><sup>14</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR15"><sup>15</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR16"><sup>16</sup></a>.</p><p>Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution and prevalence of same-sex sexual behaviour in human and non-human animals<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR2"><sup>2</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR8"><sup>8</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR11"><sup>11</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR17"><sup>17</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR18"><sup>18</sup></a>. Some of these hypotheses are non-adaptive, suggesting that same-sex sexual behaviour is the consequence of mistaken identity<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR19"><sup>19</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR20"><sup>20</sup></a>, the limited availability of individuals of the opposite sex<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR21"><sup>21</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR22"><sup>22</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR23"><sup>23</sup></a>, the consequences of sexual frustration when individuals are refused by members of the other sex<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR20"><sup>20</sup></a>, or the by-product of selection acting on a separate trait, such as high sexual responsiveness<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR24"><sup>24</sup></a>. A recently proposed hypothesis that is attracting much attention states that indiscriminate sexual behaviour (that is, the co-occurrence of different-sex sexual behaviour and same-sex sexual behaviour) is the ancestral condition for sexually reproducing animals and this explains the widespread occurrence of same-sex sexual behaviour in animals<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR3"><sup>3</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR16"><sup>16</sup></a>. Under this view, indiscriminate sexual behaviour is proposed as the null hypothesis against which to test the occurrence of both different-sex sexual behaviour and same-sex sexual behaviour<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR3"><sup>3</sup></a>.</p><p>Contrasting with these non-adaptive explanations, other hypotheses are adaptive and suggest that same-sex sexual behaviour can be directly favoured by natural selection<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR8"><sup>8</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR18"><sup>18</sup></a>. For nonhuman mammals, two of the main adaptive hypotheses postulated to explain the origin, evolution and prevalence of same-sex sexual behaviour are:<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR18"><sup>18</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR25"><sup>25</sup></a></p><ol><li><p>(i)Same-sex sexual behaviour contributes to establishing and maintaining positive social relationships<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR18"><sup>18</sup></a>. According to this hypothesis, same-sex sexual interactions can serve to form and maintain bonds and alliances, and to facilitate reconciliation after conflicts between members of the same group<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR18"><sup>18</sup></a>. This hypothesis predicts that same-sex sexual behaviour should be more frequent in social species than in non-social species<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR8"><sup>8</sup></a>.</p></li><li><p>(ii)Same-sex sexual behaviour contributes to diminishing intrasexual aggression and conflict<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR8"><sup>8</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR18"><sup>18</sup></a>. This hypothesis postulates that same-sex sexual interactions may serve to communicate social status and establish and reinforce dominance hierarchies, thus preventing future conflicts, or may contribute to diverting aggressive behaviour toward courtship behaviour, providing subordinate males with greater opportunities to furtively copulate with females<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR18"><sup>18</sup></a>. Because same-sex sexual behaviour is suggested to mitigate rather than completely eliminate aggressive behaviour, this second hypothesis predicts that same-sex sexual behaviour should be more frequent in species with aggressive and lethal intrasexual interactions than in more peaceful and nonlethal species. Lethal interactions are expressed in many species of mammals as the killing of conspecific adults (adulticide)<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR26"><sup>26</sup></a>. This phenomenon appears to be mediated in males by mating competition and the establishment of dominance hierarchies. In females, on the other hand, the defence of resources and offspring mediates adulticide<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR26"><sup>26</sup></a>. Therefore, due to these between-sex differences in motivation, the predicted association between same-sex sexual behaviour and adulticide would be expected to occur mainly in males.</p></li></ol><p>Most research to date has been focused on examining the adaptive functions and disentangling the proximate causes of same-sex sexual behaviour within particular systems or species<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR4"><sup>4</sup></a>. And several descriptive species-specific studies support these adaptive hypotheses. For example, same-sex sexual behaviour seems to facilitate reconciliation among group members in female bonobos (<em>Pan paniscus</em>)<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR27"><sup>27</sup></a> and female Japanese macaques (<em>Macaca fuscata</em>)<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR28"><sup>28</sup></a>. Similarly, same-sex sexual behaviour seems to serve to reinforce the alliance between small groups of male bottlenose dolphins (<em>Tursiops</em> spp.)<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR29"><sup>29</sup></a>, whereas it helps to strengthen dominance hierarchies in herds of American bison (<em>Bison bison</em>)<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR30"><sup>30</sup></a>. Despite the value of these studies for inferring the reasons why same-sex sexual behaviour manifests in particular species, a deeper understanding of how this sexual behaviour has evolved requires thorough testing of the adaptive hypotheses in a broader phylogenetic context<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR4"><sup>4</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR14"><sup>14</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR15"><sup>15</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR16"><sup>16</sup></a>. Formal examination of these hypotheses needs exploration of the pattern of same-sex sexual behaviour across the phylogeny in order to infer the ancestral condition and evolutionary history of same-sex sexual behaviour, and testing of their predictions using phylogenetically informed statistical analyses<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR3"><sup>3</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR14"><sup>14</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR15"><sup>15</sup></a>.</p><p>In this study, we examine the ability of the two non-exclusive adaptive hypotheses listed above to explain the evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour over all of Mammalia by using a phylogenetic approach. For this, we compile the existing information on mammalian same-sex sexual behaviour, defined as transient courtship or mating interactions between members of the same sex<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR2"><sup>2</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR18"><sup>18</sup></a> (see Methods). Afterwards we infer its evolutionary distribution, reconstruct ancestral states and investigate whether the prevalence of same-sex sexual behaviour in mammals is influenced by the occurrence of sociality and/or intraspecific lethal aggression.</p><h2><strong>Results</strong></h2><h3><strong>A preliminary cautionary note</strong></h3><p>We recognize that there may be some limitations in our database, and in our overall conclusions, caused by the lack of information on the sexual behaviour of many mammalian species and by the existence of incomplete data (false negatives). We have tried to overcome these caveats by controlling for the intensity of the research and conducting multiple statistical tests, although we are aware that this does not completely eliminate the limitations.</p><h3><strong>Phylogenetic pattern of same-sex sexual behaviour</strong></h3><p>Same-sex sexual behaviour has been reported in 261 mammalian species (about 4% of the species) belonging to 62 families (about 50% of the families) and 12 orders (63% of the orders) (Supplementary Data <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM4">1</a>). Same-sex sexual behaviour included courtship, mounting, genital contact, copulation and pair bonding<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR1"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR11"><sup>11</sup></a>. In most cases, same-sex sexual behaviour was displayed as mounting and/or genital contact (87% of the species in our dataset), courtship (27% of the species), and pair bonding (24% of the species) (Supplementary Data <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM4">1</a>). Same-sex sexual behaviour was mostly displayed by adults (same-sex sexual behaviour has been recorded in adults in 251 species and in young animals in 10 species; Fig S<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">1</a>, Supplementary Data <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM4">1</a>)<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR25"><sup>25</sup></a>. Likewise, 209 species displayed same-sex sexual behaviour in wild or semiwild conditions (83% of the total sample), indicating that same-sex sexual behaviour is not a behaviour that emerges only in artificial conditions. In addition, whereas in some species same-sex sexual behaviour is incidental, occurring only under very specific situations, in about 40% of the species same-sex sexual behaviour is a moderate or even frequent activity during the mating season according to refs. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR1"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR17"><sup>17</sup></a> (Supplementary Data <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM4">1</a>).</p><p>Same-sex sexual behaviour appears to be equally frequent in both sexes in mammals, as female same-sex sexual behaviour has been recorded in 163 species and male same-sex sexual behaviour in 199 species. Nearly 52% of the species with same-sex sexual behaviour included in our dataset displayed both male and female same-sex sexual behaviour. To test for the presence of evolutionary correlation between male and female same-sex sexual behaviour, we used a recently updated mammalian phylogeny including 5747 extant and recently extinct mammals (see Methods). To control for the potential influence that among-species variation in research intensity may have in the outcomes of the phylogenetic correlation, we performed this analysis using four subsets of species: Subset I includes species where same-sex sexual behaviour has been recorded in any condition, either in captivity and/or in the wild; Subset II includes species where same-sex sexual behaviour has been recorded in the wild; Subset III includes species whose reproductive and sexual behaviour have been studied in the wild in more than one year or site; Subset IV includes species whose overall behaviour has been studied profusely (see Tables <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S1</a> &amp; Figure <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S1</a> for the rationale and sizes of these four subsets of species and Methods for specific criteria used to differentiate among subsets). The results of the phylogenetic correlation analyses were consistent across subsets, and showed that male and female same-sex sexual behaviour are phylogenetically correlated across the tree (&#967;2 tests comparing correlated and uncorrelated phylogenetic models ranged across the four subsets between 172.6&#8201;&#177;&#8201;5.6 and 476.9&#8201;&#177;&#8201;3.0 mean &#177; s.e.m, all <em>p</em>-values&#8201;&lt;&#8201;0.0001, Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S2</a>). This finding indicates that male and female same-sex sexual behaviours are more likely to co-occur in the same species or clade than would be expected if these behaviours evolved independently.</p><p>To assess whether same-sex sexual behaviour is a behaviour displayed just by one or a few distinctive groups of mammals, we explored its phylogenetic extent and calculated its phylogenetic signal (see Methods). We explored the phylogenetic signal of both male and female same-sex sexual behaviour using the D index for binary traits<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR31"><sup>31</sup></a>. We checked for the potential effect of phylogenetic uncertainty by repeating the analyses in 100 randomly chosen variations from the overall Mammalian tree (see Methods). In addition, we controlled for the potential effect caused by differences in research intensity by repeating the analysis in the four subsets described above. The results were consistent across all control methods (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S3</a>). We found a significant phylogenetic signal (i.e. <em>D</em>&#8201;&lt;&#8201;1) for both females (<em>D</em> values ranging between 0.44 and 0.59, <em>p</em>&#8201;&lt;&#8201;0.0001) and males (<em>D</em> values ranging between 0.63 and 0.83, <em>p</em>&#8201;&lt;&#8201;0.001 in all cases except for the subset IV) (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S3</a>). This outcome indicates that same-sex sexual behaviour is not randomly distributed across the mammalian phylogeny but tends to be frequent in some clades and rare in others (Fig. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#Fig1">1</a>). Both male and female same-sex sexual behaviour was common in even-toed ungulates (Cetartiodactyla), carnivores, kangaroos and wallabies (Diprodontia), rodents and, above all, primates (Fig. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#Fig1">1</a>). Nevertheless, D values were also significantly higher than expected under Brownian evolution (<em>D</em>&#8201;&gt;&#8201;0; Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S3</a>), indicating that closely related species do not necessarily share this sexual behaviour.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jCS5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1252332c-9792-4a29-b1b7-f86281c3e1e6_1024x951.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jCS5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1252332c-9792-4a29-b1b7-f86281c3e1e6_1024x951.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jCS5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1252332c-9792-4a29-b1b7-f86281c3e1e6_1024x951.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jCS5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1252332c-9792-4a29-b1b7-f86281c3e1e6_1024x951.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jCS5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1252332c-9792-4a29-b1b7-f86281c3e1e6_1024x951.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jCS5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1252332c-9792-4a29-b1b7-f86281c3e1e6_1024x951.webp" width="1024" height="951" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1252332c-9792-4a29-b1b7-f86281c3e1e6_1024x951.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:951,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jCS5!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1252332c-9792-4a29-b1b7-f86281c3e1e6_1024x951.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jCS5!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1252332c-9792-4a29-b1b7-f86281c3e1e6_1024x951.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jCS5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1252332c-9792-4a29-b1b7-f86281c3e1e6_1024x951.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jCS5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1252332c-9792-4a29-b1b7-f86281c3e1e6_1024x951.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><strong>Fig. 1: Evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour in non-human mammals.</strong></figcaption></figure></div><p>Phylogenetic distribution of the presence of same-sex sexual behaviour in males and females in the subset III (see methods). The state of the mammalian ancestral nodes was assessed using maximum likelihood estimation (black: same-sex sexual behaviour displayed by females; yellow: same-sex sexual behaviour displayed by males; purple: same-sex sexual behaviour displayed by both sexes). The silhouettes of representative mammals (downloaded from <a href="http://www.phylopic.org/">www.phylopic.org</a>) illustrate the main mammalian clades. They have a Public Domain license without copyright (<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0</a>).</p><h3><strong>Is same-sex sexual behaviour an ancestral behaviour in mammals?</strong></h3><p>We reconstructed the ancestral condition of sexual behaviour and inferred the presence of same-sex sexual behaviour in the ancestral mammal and in the most recent common ancestors of the main mammal families in which same-sex sexual behaviour has been recorded in extant species. To control for the potential effect of phylogenetic uncertainty, we reconstructed the ancestral state of same-sex sexual behaviour using 100 randomly chosen trees (see above). In addition, to control for potential effects of dataset robustness, we reconstructed the ancestral state of same-sex sexual behaviour for each of the four subsets described above.</p><p>The results of the ancestral reconstruction analyses were consistent across all subsets (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S4</a>), indicating that the outcomes of these analyses are not significantly influenced by differences in research intensity. These analyses suggest that the likelihood that the most recent common ancestor of all mammals displayed either male or female same-sex sexual behaviour is equivocal (all likelihood values&#8201;=&#8201;0.5 for whole Mammalian class, Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S4</a>). That is, it is not possible to conclude with the existing information whether the ancestral mammal displayed same-sex sexual behaviour or not. However, the analysis suggests that the most recent common ancestor of all placental mammals did not display same-sex sexual behaviour, either among females (likelihood ranging between 0.08 and 0.32 across subsets, significantly lower than 0.5 in all cases) or among males (likelihood ranging between 0.10 and 0.40 across subsets, significantly lower than 0.5 in all cases according to a z-score test) (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S4</a>). This outcome (as well as those described below) may change if same-sex sexual behaviour is found in species in which, due to low sampling effort, it has not yet been detected.</p><p>We estimated the number of times same-sex sexual behaviour has been independently gained and lost during mammalian evolutionary history using 1000 iterations of stochastic character mapping<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR32"><sup>32</sup></a>. The outcome of this analysis was consistent across the four data subsets and suggests that same-sex sexual behaviour has been gained and lost multiple times during Mammalian evolution with similar likelihood (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S5</a>).</p><p>We compared the average age of the internal nodes of the phylogeny where same-sex sexual behaviour was inferred as present with the average age of the nodes where it was inferred as absent. We expected some equivocal reconstruction as a consequence of the scarce information on same-sex sexual behaviour existing for many mammal species. To cope with this source of uncertainty, we generated a null distribution of likelihoods that was used as a baseline to decide the presence/absence of this behaviour for each ancestral node (see Methods for details), and repeated the analyses using the four subsets described above to control for research intensity. The results of these analyses were again consistent across all subsets (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S6</a>). The ancestral nodes exhibiting male same-sex sexual behaviour were significantly younger than those not exhibiting male same-sex sexual behaviour. Thus, the average age of nodes with same-sex sexual behaviour ranged across subsets between 5.7&#8201;&#177;&#8201;0.1 and 7.6&#8201;&#177;&#8201;0.1&#8201;Myr. In contrast, the average age of nodes without same-sex sexual behaviour ranged across subsets between 6.8&#8201;&#177;&#8201;0.1 and 14.8&#8201;&#177;&#8201;0.2&#8201;Myr (all means significantly different at <em>p</em>&#8201;&lt;&#8201;0.0001 using a t-test; Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S6</a>). A similar outcome was obtained for females, where the average age of nodes with same-sex sexual behaviour ranged across subsets between 5.6&#8201;&#177;&#8201;0.3 and 5.9&#8201;&#177;&#8201;0.0&#8201;Myr, whereas it ranged between 7.6&#8201;&#177;&#8201;0.1 and 13.9&#8201;&#177;&#8201;2.5&#8201;Myr for nodes without same-sex sexual behaviour (<em>p</em>&#8201;&lt;&#8201;0.0001 in all cases except for the subset I; Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S6</a>). These results were consistent with our family-level analysis showing that both female and male same-sex sexual behaviour were probably absent in the ancestors of most families (Fig. S<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">2</a>, Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S7</a>). As an example of this pattern, in Fig. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#Fig2">2</a> we illustrate how the probability of male and female same-sex sexual behaviour varies from the root of the mammals to the ancestor of Hominidae. It is readily observed that the probability of same-sex sexual behaviour remained low for most of evolutionary history, starting to increase at the origin of Old World monkeys (Catarrhini) and becoming significantly higher at the origin of apes (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S8</a>).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vt-e!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49668f69-bc41-4528-9c5e-5d2822e1b000_1024x685.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vt-e!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49668f69-bc41-4528-9c5e-5d2822e1b000_1024x685.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vt-e!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49668f69-bc41-4528-9c5e-5d2822e1b000_1024x685.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vt-e!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49668f69-bc41-4528-9c5e-5d2822e1b000_1024x685.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vt-e!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49668f69-bc41-4528-9c5e-5d2822e1b000_1024x685.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vt-e!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49668f69-bc41-4528-9c5e-5d2822e1b000_1024x685.webp" width="1024" height="685" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/49668f69-bc41-4528-9c5e-5d2822e1b000_1024x685.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:685,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vt-e!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49668f69-bc41-4528-9c5e-5d2822e1b000_1024x685.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vt-e!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49668f69-bc41-4528-9c5e-5d2822e1b000_1024x685.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vt-e!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49668f69-bc41-4528-9c5e-5d2822e1b000_1024x685.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vt-e!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49668f69-bc41-4528-9c5e-5d2822e1b000_1024x685.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><strong>Fig. 2: Same-sex sexual behaviour from mammalian root to Hominidae.</strong></figcaption></figure></div><p>Boxplots showing the likelihood estimation across 100 phylogenetic trees of the states of the most common recent ancestors (mrca) of the clades giving rise to the lineages of Hominidae (centre line, median; box limits, upper and lower quartiles; whiskers, minimum and maximum values). We used for the analysis the subset III. Red: significant probability (<em>p</em>&#8201;&lt;&#8201;0.05), according to a one-sided z-score test, of the ancestor displaying same-sex sexual behaviour; Orange: marginally significant probability of the ancestor of displaying same-sex sexual behaviour; Blue: significant probability of the ancestor of not displaying same-sex sexual behaviour; Grey: state of the ancestor was equivocal. For exact <em>p</em>-value see Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S8</a>. The silhouettes illustrate the ancestors (downloaded from <a href="http://www.phylopic.org/">www.phylopic.org</a>). They have a Public Domain license without copyright (<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0</a>).</p><h3><strong>Factors potentially facilitating the evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour</strong></h3><p>We explored whether the two focal adaptive hypotheses, the establishment and maintenance of social relationships or the diminishing of intrasexual aggression and conflict, can explain the occurrence of same-sex sexual behaviour in mammals. For this, we compiled information on sociality and intraspecific lethal aggression (estimated as adulticide committed by males or by females to any other individual) for the mammals included in our datasets<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR26"><sup>26</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR33"><sup>33</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR34"><sup>34</sup></a>. Afterward, we tested whether these behavioural traits correlated with male and female same-sex sexual behaviour by means of comparative analyses<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR35"><sup>35</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR36"><sup>36</sup></a>. Adulticide by females was included in those models testing the evolution of female same-sex sexual behaviour and adulticide by males in those models testing the evolution of male same-sex sexual behaviour. We controlled in these analyses for the potential influence that research intensity may have in the relationship between same-sex sexual behaviour and the two explanatory variables using four complementary methods: (1) Including research effort as a covariate in the models<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR37"><sup>37</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR38"><sup>38</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR39"><sup>39</sup></a>. This method was performed using both subsets I and II. (2) Including research effort as a weighting factor in the models<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR40"><sup>40</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR41"><sup>41</sup></a>. This method was performed using both subsets I and II. (3) Running the models including those species whose reproductive and sexual behaviour have been studied profusely. This method was performed using subset III. (4) Running the models including those species where its overall behaviour has been studied profusely. This method was performed using subset IV (see Methods for details). The dataset sizes for each of these research intensity control methods and subsets of species are shown in Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S1</a>.</p><p>The results were very consistent across all control methods (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#Tab1">1</a>; Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S9</a>), indicating that the relationships were robust to the effect of research intensity. We found that, after controlling for sampling effort and phylogeny, sociality was correlated with both male and female same-sex sexual behaviour in all cases (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#Tab1">1</a>). Same-sex sexual behaviour was significantly more prevalent in social species than in non-social ones (Fig. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#Fig3">3</a>).</p><p><strong>Table 1 Outcome of the different analyses testing the effect of sociality and adulticide in male and female same-sex sexual behaviour and after controlling for sampling effort (see Methods and Tables <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S1</a> &amp; S<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">9</a> for full details)</strong> <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x/tables/1">full size method</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BdYy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b4c22cc-3a43-4405-9010-11044b1e28f9_1000x899.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BdYy!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b4c22cc-3a43-4405-9010-11044b1e28f9_1000x899.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BdYy!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b4c22cc-3a43-4405-9010-11044b1e28f9_1000x899.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BdYy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b4c22cc-3a43-4405-9010-11044b1e28f9_1000x899.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BdYy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b4c22cc-3a43-4405-9010-11044b1e28f9_1000x899.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BdYy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b4c22cc-3a43-4405-9010-11044b1e28f9_1000x899.webp" width="1000" height="899" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5b4c22cc-3a43-4405-9010-11044b1e28f9_1000x899.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:899,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BdYy!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b4c22cc-3a43-4405-9010-11044b1e28f9_1000x899.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BdYy!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b4c22cc-3a43-4405-9010-11044b1e28f9_1000x899.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BdYy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b4c22cc-3a43-4405-9010-11044b1e28f9_1000x899.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BdYy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b4c22cc-3a43-4405-9010-11044b1e28f9_1000x899.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><strong>Fig. 3: Factors affecting evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour.</strong></figcaption></figure></div><p>Proportion of species displaying same-sex sexual behaviour in social vs. non-social species and in adulticidal <em>vs</em>. non-adulticidal species. We used for the analysis the subset III. Sample size (total number of mammal species included in each group) is shown.</p><p>The occurrence of adulticide was significantly correlated with same-sex sexual behaviour only for males (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#Tab1">1</a>), male same-sex sexual behaviour being more prevalent in those species in which males are adulticidal irrespective of their sociality status (Fig. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#Fig3">3</a>). In contrast, female adulticide did not correlate with female same-sex sexual behaviour in most of the analyses (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#Tab1">1</a>; Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S9</a>). In fact, the frequency of species displaying female same-sex sexual behaviour was similar between female adulticidal and non-adulticidal species both in social and non-social species (Fig. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#Fig3">3</a>).</p><p>To discriminate whether the observed associations of same-sex sexual behaviour with sociality and adulticide reflect dependency relationships between these behaviours or independent evolutionary processes in the same direction, we used Pagel&#8217;s directional test of trait evolution<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR42"><sup>42</sup></a>. To do so, we tested which of the following four models of evolution best explains the empirical evidence: (1) A model assuming no dependency in the pairwise evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour with either of the other two behaviours. (2) A model assuming non-directional interdependency in these pairwise evolutions. (3) A model postulating that the evolution of adulticide or sociality was dependent on changes in same-sex sexual behaviour. (4) A model postulating that the evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour depended on changes in adulticide or sociality (see Methods for details).</p><p>This analysis suggested that the evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour and sociality were interdependent in both males and females, as the independent model did not obtain any support (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#Tab2">2</a>). Moreover, according to the relative weights of the AICs, this analysis suggests that the evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour in both sexes depends on the presence of sociality (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#Tab2">2</a>). In no case did the analysis support the possibility that the evolution of sociality depended on the presence of same-sex sexual behaviour (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#Tab2">2</a>).<br><br><strong>Table 2 Outcome of the analyses testing the evolutionary dependency relationships between same-sex sexual behaviour, sociality and adulticide (female adulticide in models testing the evolution of female same-sex sexual behaviour and male adulticide in models testing the evolution of male same-sex sexual behaviour)</strong> <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x/tables/2">full size method</a></p><p>The directional test suggested that the relationship between the evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour and the evolution of adulticide differed between sexes. Male same-sex sexual behaviour and male adulticide evolved interdependently, as all three models were statistically different from the independent model (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#Tab2">2</a>). Moreover, according to the relative weights of the AICs, this analysis also suggests that this interdependency was directional, with the evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour depending on the presence of male adulticide (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#Tab2">2</a>). No support was found for the existence of dependence of the evolution of male adulticide on changes in same-sex sexual behaviour (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#Tab2">2</a>). For females, there was no statistical difference between any of the three dependent models and the independent model (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#Tab2">2</a>), suggesting that the evolution of female same-sex sexual behaviour and the evolution of female adulticide were decoupled.</p><p><strong>Discussion</strong></p><p>Same-sex sexual behaviour seems to be a common behaviour in mammals, recorded in about 5% of the species and 50% of the families, a frequency that appears to be higher than in other animal groups such as birds or insects<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR1"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR43"><sup>43</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR44"><sup>44</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR45"><sup>45</sup></a>. This figure is probably underestimating the actual prevalence of same-sex sexual behaviour in mammals, since this behaviour has attracted the attention of behavioural ecologists and evolutionary biologists only recently<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR1"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR2"><sup>2</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR3"><sup>3</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR4"><sup>4</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR10"><sup>10</sup></a> and it is probably underreported<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR11"><sup>11</sup></a>. In fact, of the 22 mammalian species that are the subject of continuing long-term, individual-based field studies<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR46"><sup>46</sup></a>, same-sex sexual behaviour has been found in more than 80%<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR1"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR7"><sup>7</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR25"><sup>25</sup></a>. All of this makes evident the necessity of increasing the number of studies on this overlooked behaviour and the convenience of controlling for several sources of uncertainty in order to reliably determine the prevalence of same-sex sexual behaviour in mammals.</p><p>It has been recently hypothesised that indiscriminate sexual behaviour, with the presence of same-sex sexual behaviour coexisting with different-sex sexual behaviour, is an ancestral condition for sexually reproducing animals<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR3"><sup>3</sup></a>. Our ancestral reconstruction analysis contrasts with this view for mammals and suggests that same-sex sexual behaviour is not an ancestral trait in this group of vertebrates, and may have evolved multiple times in several disparate lineages (although our study cannot conclude anything about ancestrality in other groups of animals). Furthermore, this analysis also indicates that those ancestral nodes exhibiting same-sex sexual behaviour are significantly younger than those ancestral nodes where this behaviour was absent. This finding agrees with some anecdotal observations. For example, despite appearing in some extant species, same-sex sexual behaviour was absent in the ancestors of Cebidae, Atelidae or Hylobatidae, three mammal families that seem to have originated very recently<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR47"><sup>47</sup></a>. We fully recognize that these results may change in the future if same-sex sexual behaviour is studied more intensively and comes to be detected in many more species<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR6"><sup>6</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR25"><sup>25</sup></a>. This again emphasises the need to study this sexual behaviour more profusely in mammals. However, it is difficult to predict the number and phylogenetic position of species in which same-sex sexual behaviour exists but has not yet been detected. For this reason, and with the data available to us, it appears that same-sex sexual behaviour has originated independently in many mammalian lineages.</p><p>These repeated evolutionary transitions to the same character state are an indication of convergent evolution<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR48"><sup>48</sup></a>. Although convergence may occur from random evolution, convergence that is associated with similar selective environments is considered strong evidence of adaptive evolution caused by the operation of natural selection<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR49"><sup>49</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR50"><sup>50</sup></a>. Finding these selective pressures may help to discern whether same-sex sexual behaviour is adaptive<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR51"><sup>51</sup></a> and, in particular, to understand why this behaviour has evolved multiple times in mammals.</p><p>We found that the prevalence of same-sex sexual behaviour in mammals is associated with sociality. And the directional test of trait evolution suggests that this covariance probably occurs because the evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour in both males and females has been contingent on shifts from solitary living to sociality. Albeit acknowledging that these findings may change if more data on same-sex sexual behaviour are reported, these results support the hypothesis that same-sex sexual behaviour has been favoured evolutionarily as a way to establish, maintain and strengthen social relationships that may increase bonds and alliance between members of the same group<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR8"><sup>8</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR18"><sup>18</sup></a>. Furthermore, these results also suggest that same-sex sexual behaviour may have evolved also to facilitate post-conflict reconciliation, irrespective of its role of preventing intrasexual conflicts<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR18"><sup>18</sup></a>. To be clear, our study suggests that one of the forces facilitating the evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour may be related to social bonds, but our study (like any other comparative or experimental study) does not conclude that this is the sole cause of the evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour.</p><p>The prevalence of same-sex sexual behaviour was also associated with adulticide, but only for males. The directional test of trait evolution indicates that evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour depended in males on the evolution of male adulticide. The difference between males and females in the relationship of same-sex sexual behaviour with adulticide supports the hypothesis that same-sex sexual behaviour has also evolved to mitigate intrasexual aggression and conflicts<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR18"><sup>18</sup></a>. This is so because adulticide in mammals seems to be the consequence of intrasexual conflicts only in males, whereas it seems to be displayed by females primarily to protect their progeny against infanticidal conspecifics<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR26"><sup>26</sup></a>. Consequently, it would be expected that, if same-sex sexual behaviour is a strategy directed to tempering intrasexual conflicts, this sexual behaviour should be related with adulticide only in males. Because the association was more intense in males than in females, we presume that adulticide was a stronger force triggering the evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour in males. If this hypothesis is confirmed, it seems that same-sex sexual behaviour mitigates rather than negates adulticide, as there are still many species that commit this type of aggressive behaviour<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR26"><sup>26</sup></a>.</p><p>Many descriptive studies on individual mammal species support our phylogenetic conclusions<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR18"><sup>18</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR25"><sup>25</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR27"><sup>27</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR52"><sup>52</sup></a>. For example, same-sex sexual behaviour appears to be more common in social nonhuman primates forming multi-male/multi-female groups than in monogamous and polygynous species<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR7"><sup>7</sup></a>. Likewise, same-sex sexual behaviour seems to facilitate reconciliation among group members in female bonobos (<em>Pan paniscus</em>)<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR27"><sup>27</sup></a> and female Japanese macaques (<em>Macaca fuscata</em>)<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR28"><sup>28</sup></a>, to strengthen alliance between small groups of male bottlenose dolphins (<em>Tursiops</em> spp.)<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR29"><sup>29</sup></a>, and to help to reinforce dominance hierarchies in herds of American bison (<em>Bison bison</em>)<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR30"><sup>30</sup></a>. In addition, it seems that the contingent evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour on sociality observed in mammals may also occur in other animal groups, such as male birds<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR44"><sup>44</sup></a>. However, other studies have not found any evidence supporting these adaptive explanations. Same-sex sexual behaviour seems to be caused by mistaken identity in feral cats <em>Felis cattus</em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR20"><sup>20</sup></a> or as a side effect of excitement in some primate and deer species<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR2"><sup>2</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR6"><sup>6</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR18"><sup>18</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR23"><sup>23</sup></a>. Consequently, we cannot rule out the existence of other factors that may have also contributed to the evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour in certain mammalian lineages. Further studies framed within a phylogenetic context would be necessary to unravel the relative importance of each of these factors.</p><p>Contrasting with most other mammal families, same-sex sexual behaviour seems to have been present in the ancestor of Hominidae, an idea that has been suggested before<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR6"><sup>6</sup></a>. This suggests that the evolutionary origin of same-sex sexual behaviour in humans can be traced back to the ancestor that we share with the other ape species. According to the existing evidence, the ancestor of Hominidae seems to have been a social species<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR33"><sup>33</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR53"><sup>53</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR54"><sup>54</sup></a> exhibiting mostly male adulticide<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR26"><sup>26</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR34"><sup>34</sup></a>, two features that could have been facilitating the emergence of same-sex sexual behaviour at this time in our history. However, same-sex sexual behaviour is operationally defined here as any temporary sexual contact between members of the same sex<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR2"><sup>2</sup></a>. This behaviour should be distinguished from homosexuality as a more permanent same sex preference, as found in humans. For this reason, our findings cannot be used to infer the evolution of sexual orientation, identity, and preference or the prevalence of homosexuality as categories of sexual beings<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR2"><sup>2</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR11"><sup>11</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR18"><sup>18</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR45"><sup>45</sup></a>. Nevertheless, even taking into account this cautionary note, by using phylogenetic inference, our study may provide a potential explanation on the evolutionary history of the occurrence of same-sex sexual behaviour in humans.</p><p>Putting all this evidence together, we envision the following evolutionary pattern of same-sex sexual behaviour in mammals. Sociality has evolved repeatedly in mammals from an ancestral solitary behaviour<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR33"><sup>33</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR46"><sup>46</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR53"><sup>53</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR54"><sup>54</sup></a>. In mammals, social evolution is associated with the evolution of adulticide, mostly in males<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR26"><sup>26</sup></a>. Due to the multiple benefits of sociality, many behavioural strategies have evolved to ensure the cohesion and stability of social groups<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR54"><sup>54</sup></a>. Same-sex sexual behaviour could be one of these strategies<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR8"><sup>8</sup></a>. Because individuals that engage in same-sex sexual behaviour can also practice different-sex sexual behaviour<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR1"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR2"><sup>2</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR3"><sup>3</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR4"><sup>4</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR11"><sup>11</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR18"><sup>18</sup></a>, they may improve their individual fitness through enhancing social relationships and mitigating conflicts by same-sex sexual behaviour to later have options to reproduce. We recognize that this scenario could be partially modified as more information on same-sex sexual behaviour in mammals is gathered. In addition, it does not preclude the contribution of other proximate mechanisms, like genetic mechanisms, practice, mistaken identity or excitement, causing the display of same-sex sexual behaviour in some species<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR18"><sup>18</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR20"><sup>20</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR23"><sup>23</sup></a>. Briefly, our findings are consistent with the idea that, rather than a maladaptive<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR11"><sup>11</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR18"><sup>18</sup></a> or aberrant behaviour<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR1"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR3"><sup>3</sup></a>, same-sex sexual behaviour in mammals is a convergent adaptation facilitating the maintenance of social relationships and the diminishing of intrasexual conflicts.</p><h2><strong>Methods</strong></h2><h3><strong>Definition of same-sex sexual behaviour</strong></h3><p>We define same-sex sexual behaviour from an operational point of view as any transient mating or courtship interaction between members of the same sex<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR2"><sup>2</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR18"><sup>18</sup></a>. More specifically, same-sex sexual behaviour is any behaviour that is usually performed at some stage during reproduction with a member of the opposite sex, but which is instead aimed towards members of the same sex. These behaviours can include courtship, mounting, genital contact, copulation, pair bonding and the raising of offspring together<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR1"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR11"><sup>11</sup></a>. Same-sex sexual behaviour as it is used here does not denote sexual orientation (i.e. an overall pattern of sexual attraction/arousal over time), sexual orientation identity (i.e. the sexual orientation that individuals perceive themselves to have), categories of sexual beings (i. e. homosexuals, heterosexuals, etc.), nor sexual preference<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR2"><sup>2</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR45"><sup>45</sup></a>.</p><h3><strong>The database</strong></h3><p>We included the information on same-sex sexual behaviour appearing in refs. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR1"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR2"><sup>2</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR7"><sup>7</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR25"><sup>25</sup></a> (see Supplementary Data <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM4">1</a>). We complemented this database by conducting computer searches including the terms (alone or in combination, and in British and American spelling) &#8220;mammal&#8221;, &#8220;same-sex sexual behaviour&#8221;, and &#8220;homosexual behaviour&#8221;. We show in Fig. S1 a PRISMA flow diagram showing our systematic literature survey.</p><p>Sexual behaviour is a continuous rather than a dichotomous variable, with organisms and species engaging and participating in varying proportions of same-sex sexual behaviour<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR55"><sup>55</sup></a>. However, because information on frequency and intensity of same-sex sexual behaviour is very scant, we have categorised in this study mammal species as those where same-sex sexual behaviour has been recorded or not.</p><p>We classified the social systems of mammalian species using the information appearing in refs. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR26"><sup>26</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR33"><sup>33</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR34"><sup>34</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR54"><sup>54</sup></a>. The mammals were classified as (1) solitary, when breeding females forage independently in individual home ranges and encounter males only during mating; (2) socially monogamous, when a single breeding female and a single breeding male share a common range or territory and associate with each other for more than one breeding season, with or without nonbreeding offspring; or (3) group living, when several breeding females share a common range and forage or sleep together. Group-living species (which typically have polygynous or polygynandrous mating systems) include those where groups of breeding females are unstable, as in the case of ungulate herds or the roosting groups of some bats, as well as species where several breeding females associate with each other in stable groups for more than one breeding season, whether or not they always forage together<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR33"><sup>33</sup></a>. We considered as social the species living in groups, and as non-social the species belonging to the other two categories. We obtained information for 2546 species<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR26"><sup>26</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR33"><sup>33</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR34"><sup>34</sup></a>.</p><p>We classified mammalian species according to lethal aggression as (1) adulticidal, when the killing, deliberately or incidentally, of a conspecific of any sex that has reached sexual maturity has been recorded; or (2) non-adulticidal, when this behaviour has not been reported. We used the information appearing in refs. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR26"><sup>26</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR34"><sup>34</sup></a>.</p><p>Information on body size was obtained from panTheria<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR56"><sup>56</sup></a>, a dataset including information on 2909 mammalian species, Amniote<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR57"><sup>57</sup></a>, a dataset including information on 1548 mammalian species, EltonTraits 1.0<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR58"><sup>58</sup></a>, a dataset including information on 5731 extinct and extant species, and from Animal Diversity Web &#8212;</p><p>https://animaldiversity.org/</p><p>. In most cases body size was estimated as body mass (in grams), but in some species, we used alternative proxies of size to find dimorphism (body length, length of some body parts, centroid size from geometric morphometric analyses, etc.; see Supplementary Data <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM5">2</a>).</p><h3><strong>Controlling for the potential effect of research intensity on data analysis</strong></h3><p>To control for the potential influence of research intensity (i.e. how much a species behaviour has been studied scientifically) on our results, we performed all the subsequent phylogenetic and comparative analyses using four different proper subsets of species with the following increasing restrictive criteria:</p><h4><strong>Subset I</strong></h4><p>The entire set of species included in our original dataset. The species included in this set were all of those for which we were able to find data on the presence or absence of same-sex sexual behaviour irrespective of if this behaviour was observed in the natural conditions or in artificial conditions, such as laboratory, captivity, etc. This data set included 251 same-sex sexual behaviour species and 1470 species without recorded same-sex sexual behaviour (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S1</a>).</p><h4><strong>Subset II</strong></h4><p>This subset of species was obtained by removing all the species in which same-sex sexual behaviour has been observed only in artificial conditions (these species are marked as &#8216;Captivity&#8217; in the column entitled &#8216;Observed&#8217; in Supplementary Data <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM4">1</a>) and keeping those species where this behaviour has been observed in wild conditions. This data set included 209 same-sex sexual behaviour species and 1470 species without recorded same-sex sexual behaviour (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S1</a>).</p><h4><strong>Subset III</strong></h4><p>For this subset, we included only those species whose reproductive and sexual behaviour has been studied profusely. This method was intended to minimise the effect of research intensity in the likelihood of observing same-sex sexual behaviour and getting false negatives (species scored as not having same-sex sexual behaviour despite actually displaying this behaviour occasionally). We retained from the previous dataset those species whose reproductive behaviour and sociality have been studied for several years or at several sites. To obtain this information, we conducted an additional computer search including the terms &#8220;sexual behaviour&#8221;, &#8220;reproductive behaviour&#8221;, &#8220;reproduction&#8221;, and &#8220;fitness&#8221; for each of those mammal species. This data set included 205 same-sex sexual behaviour species and 252 species without recorded same-sex sexual behaviour (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S1</a>).</p><h4><strong>Subset IV</strong></h4><p>For this dataset, we removed those species whose overall behaviour has been studied occasionally. Like the previous approach, this method intended to minimise the likelihood of getting false negatives. In this case, we retained from our original dataset those species with less than 1000 citations. By using this high number of citations as a cut-off threshold, this pruned dataset was composed exclusively of those species that have been studied intensely. Research intensity was estimated for each species as sampling effort, the number of citations per species<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR37"><sup>37</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR38"><sup>38</sup></a>. For this, we collected data on citation counts for each species in our data set<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR37"><sup>37</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR38"><sup>38</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR39"><sup>39</sup></a> by extracting the total number of references published on each species as reported in Google Scholar, using the species&#8217; scientific name (or their synonyms) and &#8216;behaviour&#8217; as search parameters (data last accessed 10 July 2022). We used Google Scholar as the search engine because, having the same coverage as other databases for journal articles<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR59"><sup>59</sup></a> and finding almost 90% (approximately 100 million) of all scholarly documents on the Web written in English<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR60"><sup>60</sup></a>, it also includes technical reports, books and conference presentations, has good coverage of non-English sources and Open Access articles, and is interdisciplinary, searching many topics at once. We included behaviour as a search parameter to ignore those studies made on non-behavioural topics, such as taxonomy, phylogeny, community or population ecology, ecological interactions, etc., that could bias our estimate of the research intensity made on the questions raised by this study. This data set included 154 same-sex sexual behaviour species and 238 species without recorded same-sex sexual behaviour (Table <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM1">S1</a>).</p><h3><strong>Mammal phylogeny</strong></h3><p>The phylogenetic relationship among the mammals included in the database was built using the Faurby and Svenning phylogenetic tree that contains 5747 extant and extinct mammals<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR61"><sup>61</sup></a>. We checked for potential effect of phylogenetic uncertainty by repeating all comparative analyses in 100 randomly chosen variations (&#8220;randomly chosen trees&#8221; hereafter) drawn from the Bayesian posterior distribution underlying the overall Faurby and Svenning tree (except for the phylogenetic correlation analysis, that was performed with 30 trees because of its large computational cost). In each phylogeny we pruned all species not included in the database and, in the few cases where a species was missing in the supertree (5 species), we selected the closest relative.</p><h3><strong>Phylogenetic signal</strong></h3><blockquote><p>Phylogenetic signals of male and female same-sex sexual behaviour were calculated with the phylo.D algorithm in the R package &#8220;caper&#8221;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR62"><sup>62</sup></a>. This algorithm compares the sum of changes in estimated nodal values of a binary trait (like same-sex sexual behaviour) along branches of the phylogeny against that expected for a random phylogenetic pattern or for a Brownian evolution threshold model<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR31"><sup>31</sup></a>. Traits evolving under a Brownian model have <em>D</em>&#8201;=&#8201;0. If the trait is highly conserved, the observed sum of changes along the phylogeny will be very low (<em>D</em>&#8201;&lt;&#8201;0). <em>D</em> values between 0 and 1 are indicative of a trait less conserved than expected under Brownian motion. Phylogenetic randomness in trait evolution is shown by <em>D</em>&#8201;=&#8201;1.</p></blockquote><h3><strong>Phylogenetic correlation</strong></h3><blockquote><p>The phylogenetic correlation between male and female same-sex sexual behaviour was obtained using the approach from ref. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR42"><sup>42</sup></a> as implemented in the R package &#8220;diversitree&#8221;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR63"><sup>63</sup></a>. This correlation was run using the fitMK optimization procedure and the ARD model of evolution. To test for a significant correlation between both types of same-sex sexual behaviour we compared the likelihood of a model where male and female same-sex sexual behaviour are allowed to evolve independently with that of a model where they evolve in a dependent way<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR42"><sup>42</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR64"><sup>64</sup></a>. The model where male and female same-sex sexual behaviour are correlated was constructed by constraining the transition rates of one trait to be dependent of the state of the other trait, finally yielding four transition rates. The model where both types of same-sex sexual behaviour are uncorrelated has no constrains in any transition rate, and yields eight transition rates. The advantage of the method implemented in diversitree is that it can control for phylogenetic pseudoreplication, the occurrence of significant association between two discrete traits even when the pattern is driven by a single (or, very few) independent transition(s) from one character state to another<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR65"><sup>65</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR66"><sup>66</sup></a>. This analysis was performed by using the make.musse.multitrait function by making the argument depth as 0 for the uncorrelated model and depth = c(0,0,1) for the correlated model following the specifications from equation 5 in ref. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR63"><sup>63</sup></a>. To account for phylogenetic uncertainty, this analysis was run using 30 randomly chosen trees.</p></blockquote><h3><strong>Ancestral reconstruction</strong></h3><blockquote><p>Ancestral states reconstruction of male and female same-sex sexual behaviour was performed using maximum likelihood for discrete characters. We considered all possible transition rates between states to receive distinct parameters (ARD model of evolution). We obtained marginal probabilities for all nodes. To account for phylogenetic uncertainty, we reconstructed the state of all nodes using a set of 100 randomly selected phylogenies. All analyses were performed by means of the ace (Ancestral Character Estimation) function in the R package &#8220;ape&#8221;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR67"><sup>67</sup></a>. Statistical difference of each ancestral value from the theoretical value&#8201;=&#8201;0.5 was performed by means of a z-score test.</p><p>We estimated the number of times that same-sex sexual behaviour have been independently gained and lost during the evolution of mammals using stochastic mapping<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR32"><sup>32</sup></a>. Given an observed phylogenetic tree and distribution of character states, stochastic mapping generates multiple iterations of character evolution that are consistent with the observed character states, using a continuous time-reversible Markov model. We run 1000 simulations to infer the values of gains and losses. We performed this analysis using the make.simmap function in R package &#8220;phytools&#8221;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR64"><sup>64</sup></a>.</p><p>We compared the average age of the internal nodes of the phylogeny where same-sex sexual behaviour was inferred as present with the average age of the nodes where it was inferred as absent. Because our mammalian phylogenetic tree is dated, we first assessed the age of each internal node. Afterward, we calculated for all the internal nodes the likelihoods of exhibiting same-sex sexual behaviour using the ace function in the R package &#8220;ape&#8221;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR67"><sup>67</sup></a>. We have repeated this procedure for 100 randomly chosen trees. To find out if each of these likelihoods unequivocally indicate whether the ancestral node exhibited same-sex sexual behaviour or not, we compared their values with the theoretical values obtained from a null model. Such a null model was built by randomly reshuffling 100 times the occurrence of same-sex sexual behaviour across the tips of the phylogeny and calculating for each internal node the likelihoods of exhibiting and not exhibiting same-sex sexual behaviour. The observed values above or below these theoretical values were considered to exhibit or not to exhibit same-sex sexual behaviour, respectively. To be conservative, we considered equivocal those nodes with values belonging to the interval between the theoretical values. This procedure was repeated for each of the 100 randomly chosen trees. We statistically compared then the age distribution of the nodes inferred as exhibiting same-sex sexual behaviour versus the age distribution of those inferred as not exhibiting same-sex sexual behaviour by means of a t-test.</p></blockquote><h3><strong>Testing adaptive hypotheses explaining the evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour</strong></h3><blockquote><p>To test the predictions of each adaptive hypothesis we performed a series of phylogenetic models including presence of same-sex sexual behaviour as dependent variables and adulticide and sociality as independent variables. We have used four complementary approaches to control for the potential bias caused by any effect caused by differences in research intensity:</p></blockquote><h4><strong>Method 1</strong></h4><blockquote><p>As a first way of controlling for research intensity, following ref. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR35"><sup>35</sup></a>, we have included research effort, measured as the citation counts for each species<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR37"><sup>37</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR38"><sup>38</sup></a>, as a covariate in the phylogenetic models performed to test the hypotheses postulated to explain the evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour in mammals<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR37"><sup>37</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR38"><sup>38</sup></a>. In this case we fitted phylogenetic logistic regressions<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR35"><sup>35</sup></a> using as dependent variable the same-sex sexual behaviour as a binary trait (yes, no) and including adulticide (male adulticide when testing male same-sex sexual behaviour and female adulticide when testing female same-sex sexual behaviour), sociality and sampling effort as independent variables. These variables were weakly correlated (&#961;&#8201;=&#8201;0.12&#8201;&#177;&#8201;0.09, mean &#177; 1 standard deviation of pairwise Spearman&#8217;s rank correlations), indicating that multicollinearity did not affect the interpretation of the analyses (variance inflation factor &lt;2.8 in all cases). The parameters were obtained by 100 bootstraps, and the phylogenetic signal was simultaneously calculated after controlling for the independent variables, using alpha to estimate the level of phylogenetic correlation. We made separate models for males and females. These analyses were performed using the R package &#8220;phylolm&#8221;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR68"><sup>68</sup></a>. We applied this method to subsets I and II.</p></blockquote><h4><strong>Method 2</strong></h4><blockquote><p>As a second way of controlling for research intensity, following ref. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR35"><sup>35</sup></a>, we have included research effort as a weighting factor in the phylogenetic models rather than as a covariate<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR40"><sup>40</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR41"><sup>41</sup></a>. These models control for research intensity by giving to the scores of same-sex sexual behaviour of each species a statistical weight proportional to its citation counts. These weighted models were performed by means of Bayesian phylogenetic generalised linear models with binomial error distribution. This type of models allows weighting each sampling unit (each species) by its research effort while simultaneously calculating the phylogenetic signal for binary dependent variables (presence/absence of same-sex sexual behaviour). These analyses were performed using the R package &#8220;MCMCglmm&#8221;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR36"><sup>36</sup></a>. We applied this method to subsets I and II.</p></blockquote><h4><strong>Method 3</strong></h4><blockquote><p>As a third way of controlling for research intensity, we have performed the phylogenetic logistic regressions including only those species whose reproductive and sexual behaviour have been studied profusely (subset III). The fitted phylogenetic logistic regressions were fitted as explained in method I.</p></blockquote><h4><strong>Method 4</strong></h4><blockquote><p>As a fourth way of controlling for research intensity we performed the phylogenetic logistic regressions removing those species where its overall behaviour has been studied occasionally (subset IV). The fitted phylogenetic logistic regressions were fitted as explained in method I.</p></blockquote><h3><strong>Directional test of trait evolution</strong></h3><blockquote><p>We tested whether the covariance of same-sex sexual behaviour with sociality and adulticide reflect dependency relationships between these behaviours or independent evolutionary processes in the same direction. For this, we used the Pagel&#8217; directional test of trait evolution<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR42"><sup>42</sup></a>. For each sex (male and female) and each of the two pairs of behavioural traits (same-sex sexual behaviour vs. adulticidal behaviour and same-sex sexual behaviour vs. sociality), we compared four alternative models of evolution using the method described in ref. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR42"><sup>42</sup></a>. We used in each model the adulticide committed by the same sex that was tested (when exploring same-sex sexual behaviour in males we included in the analyses male adulticide and when studying female same-sex sexual behaviour we included in the analyses female adulticide). These models were:</p></blockquote><ol><li><p>(1)A first model postulating that changes in the behavioural traits were independent of each other. These models were built up forcing transitions to be constrained to be independent.</p></li><li><p>(2)A second model that postulates that changes in the behavioural traits are interdependent.</p></li><li><p>(3)A third model that postulates that changes in same-sex sexual behaviour preceded changes in adulticide or sociality, suggesting that these two mammalian features did not cause same-sex sexual behaviour evolution. An ancestral species with no same-sex sexual behaviour and no adulticide/sociality evolved same-sex sexual behaviour, and as a consequence of this change in sexual behaviour, subsequently moved toward adulticide or sociality. Under these models the evolution of these two behaviours would depend on the same-sex sexual behaviour state. These models are built up by constraining the transitions in same-sex sexual behaviour on the other behavioural trait.</p></li><li><p>(4)A fourth model that postulates that changes in adulticide or sociality preceded changes in same-sex sexual behaviour, suggesting that those two characters drove evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour. An ancestral population moved first toward social or adulticidal state and afterwards evolved same-sex sexual behaviour. Under this hypothesis the evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour would depend on the state of adulticide/sociality. These models are built up by constraining the transitions in any of the two behaviours (adulticide and sociality) on same-sex sexual behaviours.</p></li></ol><blockquote><p>To assess which model can explain best the evolutionary pattern of same-sex sexual behaviour in mammals, we first performed likelihood ratio tests comparing the independent models against the other three models. These tests indicate if there is correlated evolution. Afterward, we decided which of the four models the empirical evidence best supports by comparing their Akaike weights<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR69"><sup>69</sup></a>. Akaike weights can be directly interpreted as conditional probabilities for each model<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR70"><sup>70</sup></a>. To control for phylogenetic uncertainty, we performed each of these analyses with 10 randomly chosen variations of the Faurby &amp; Evenning phylogenetic tree<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR61"><sup>61</sup></a>. All analyses were performed using the function fitPagel in R package phytools<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#ref-CR64"><sup>64</sup></a> with &#8220;fitDiscrete&#8221; as the optimization method and using the ARD model that allows all rates to differ.</p></blockquote><h3><strong>Reporting summary</strong></h3><blockquote><p>Further information on research design is available in the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM6">Nature Portfolio Reporting Summary</a> linked to this article.</p></blockquote><h2><strong>Data availability</strong></h2><blockquote><p>The data used in this study are provided in the Supplementary Information and Supplementary Data <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM4">1</a> and <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41290-x#MOESM5">2</a>. 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This paper has been funded by the project QUAL21-011 granted by the Consejer&#237;a de Universidad, Investigaci&#243;n e Innovaci&#243;n of the Junta de Andaluc&#237;a. This is a contribution to the UGR-CSIC Unidad Asociada &#8220;Evoflor&#8221;.</p></blockquote><h2><strong>Author information</strong></h2><h3><strong>Authors and Affiliations</strong></h3><ol><li><p>Dpto de Ecolog&#237;a Funcional y Evolutiva, Estaci&#243;n Experimental de Zonas &#193;ridas (EEZA-CSIC), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, La Ca&#241;ada de San Urbano, 0-4120, Almer&#237;a, SpainJos&#233; M. G&#243;mez</p></li><li><p>Research Unit Modeling Nature (MNat), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, SpainJos&#233; M. G&#243;mez &amp; A. G&#243;nzalez-Meg&#237;as</p></li><li><p>Dpto de Zoolog&#237;a, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, SpainA. G&#243;nzalez-Meg&#237;as</p></li><li><p>Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificaci&#243;n (CSIC-UV-GV), Crta Moncada-N&#225;quera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, SpainM. Verd&#250;</p></li></ol><h3><strong>Contributions</strong></h3><blockquote><p>JMG designed the work, contributed to the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data, draughted the work, and approved the submitted version. AGM designed the work, contributed to the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data, draughted the work, and approved the submitted version. MV designed the work, contributed to the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data, draughted the work, and approved the submitted version</p></blockquote><h3><strong>Corresponding authors</strong></h3><blockquote><p>Correspondence to <a href="mailto:jmgreyes@eeza.csic.es">Jos&#233; M. G&#243;mez</a>, <a href="mailto:adelagm@ugr.es">A. G&#243;nzalez-Meg&#237;as</a> or <a href="mailto:miguel.verdu@ext.uv.es">M. Verd&#250;</a>.</p></blockquote><h2><strong>Ethics declarations</strong></h2><h3><strong>Competing interests</strong></h3><blockquote><p>The authors declare no competing interests.</p></blockquote><h2><strong>Peer review</strong></h2><h3><strong>Peer review information</strong></h3><blockquote><p><em>Nature Communications</em> thanks the anonymous reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work. A peer review file is available.</p></blockquote><h2><strong>Additional information</strong></h2><blockquote><p><strong>Publisher&#8217;s note</strong> Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></blockquote><h2><strong>Supplementary information</strong></h2><h3><strong><a href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-023-41290-x/MediaObjects/41467_2023_41290_MOESM1_ESM.pdf">Supplementary Information</a></strong></h3><h3><strong><a href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-023-41290-x/MediaObjects/41467_2023_41290_MOESM2_ESM.pdf">Peer Review File</a></strong></h3><h3><strong><a href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-023-41290-x/MediaObjects/41467_2023_41290_MOESM3_ESM.pdf">Description of Additional Supplementary Files</a></strong></h3><h3><strong><a href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-023-41290-x/MediaObjects/41467_2023_41290_MOESM4_ESM.xlsx">Supplementary Data 1</a></strong></h3><h3><strong><a href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-023-41290-x/MediaObjects/41467_2023_41290_MOESM5_ESM.xls">Supplementary Data 2</a></strong></h3><h3><strong><a href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-023-41290-x/MediaObjects/41467_2023_41290_MOESM6_ESM.pdf">Reporting Summary</a></strong></h3><h2><strong>Rights and permissions</strong></h2><blockquote><p><strong>Open Access</strong> This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article&#8217;s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article&#8217;s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>.</p></blockquote>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>